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Chapter 12 (John making for learning) Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the acrosomal reaction?

A

The release of enzymes from the sperm’s acrosome to penetrate the egg’s zona pellucida

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2
Q

What is the afterbirth?

A

The expulsion of the placenta, membranes, and umbilical cord after childbirth

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3
Q

What is the amnion?

A

A membrane forming the amniotic sac that surrounds and protects the embryo/foetus

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4
Q

What is amniotic fluid?

A

Fluid in the amniotic sac that cushions, protects, and maintains a constant environment for the foetus

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5
Q

What is the birth canal?

A

The passage comprising the cervix and vagina through which the baby is delivered

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6
Q

What is a blastocyst?

A

A hollow ball of cells formed about 5-7 days after fertilisation; implants into the uterus

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7
Q

What is the chorion?

A

The outer embryonic membrane that contributes to placenta formation

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8
Q

What are chorionic villi?

A

Finger-like projections from the chorion that increase surface area for exchange nutrients and wastes

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9
Q

What is climax?

A

Another term for orgasm; peak of sexual pleasure with rhythmic muscular contractions

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10
Q

What is the ductus arteriosus?

A

A foetal blood vessel connecting the pulmonary artery to the aorta, bypassing the lungs

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11
Q

What is dilation of the cervix?

A

Widening and opening of the cervix to allow passage of the baby during labour

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12
Q

What is the ectoderm?

A

The outer primary germ layer that forms the skin, nervous system, and some sense organs

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13
Q

What is ejaculation?

A

The expulsion of semen from the penis

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14
Q

What is an embryo?

A

The early stage of development from implantation until the end of the 8th week

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15
Q

What is the embryoblast?

A

The inner cell mass of the blastocyst that develops into the embryo

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16
Q

What is the endoderm?

A

The inner primary germ layer that forms the lining of digestive, respiratory, and urinary systems

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17
Q

What is an erection?

A

The stiffening and enlargement of the penis due to increased blood flow

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18
Q

What is the female pronucleus?

A

The haploid nucleus of the ovum after meiosis, before fusion with the sperm nucleus

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19
Q

What is foetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)?

A

A condition in infants caused by alcohol exposure in pregnancy leading to growth, mental, and facial abnormalities.

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20
Q

What is a foetus?

A

The developing human from the 9th week of pregnancy until birth

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21
Q

What is the foramen ovale?

A

An opening between the right and left atria of the foetal heart that allows blood to bypass the lungs

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22
Q

What is a gene?

A

A section of DNA that codes for a protein

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23
Q

What is gestation?

A

The period of development from fertilisation to birth (about 38 weeks in humans)

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24
Q

What is implantation?

A

The process of the blastocyst embedding into the endometrium

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25
What is the inner cell mass?
The group of cells inside the blastocyst that develops into the embryo
26
What is insemination?
The release of semen into the vagina during sexual intercourse
27
What is labour?
The process of childbirth, involving uterine contractions and delivery of the baby
28
What are labour pains?
Regular contractions of the uterus felt during labour
29
What is listeriosis?
A bacterial infection from contaminated food that can cause miscarriage or birth defects.
30
What is the male pronucleus?
The haploid nucleus of the sperm after fertilisation, before fusion with the ovum nucleus.
31
What is the mesoderm?
The middle primary germ layer that forms muscles, bones, circulatory system, and reproductive organs.
32
What is a microenvironment?
The immediate environment surrounding a cell, including nutrients, signals, and conditions.
33
What is a multipotent stem cell?
A stem cell that can develop into a limited range of cell types.
34
What is an orgasm?
The climax of sexual stimulation, with involuntary muscle contractions and release of tension.
35
What is parturition?
The process of giving birth.
36
What is the placenta?
An organ formed by maternal and foetal tissues that allows exchange of nutrients, gases, and wastes.
37
What is a pluripotent stem cell?
A stem cell able to form most, but not all, cell types.
38
What is a primary germ layer?
One of the three embryonic layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm) that give rise to all tissues and organs.
39
What is proliferation?
Rapid increase in cell number by mitotic division.
40
What is a pronucleus?
The haploid nucleus of the sperm or ovum before fusion to form the zygote.
41
What is rubella?
A viral infection (German measles) that can cause severe foetal abnormalities if contracted in early pregnancy.
42
What is semen?
Fluid consisting of sperm and secretions from accessory glands.
43
What is sexual intercourse?
The act of the penis entering the vagina, enabling sperm deposition.
44
What is the stage of expulsion?
The second stage of labour when the baby is pushed out through the birth canal.
45
What is sperm mortality?
The rate at which sperm die or lose viability.
46
What is a teratogen?
An agent that causes developmental abnormalities in an embryo or foetus.
47
What is a teratogenic agent?
A specific substance (e.g., drugs, alcohol, infections) that causes birth defects.
48
What is thalidomide?
A drug once used for morning sickness that caused severe birth defects when taken in pregnancy.
49
What is a totipotent stem cell?
A stem cell able to form all cell types, including the embryo and placenta.
50
What are umbilical arteries?
Two arteries in the umbilical cord carrying deoxygenated blood from foetus to placenta.
51
What is the umbilical vein?
A vein in the umbilical cord carrying oxygenated blood from placenta to foetus.
52
What is the umbilical cord?
A cord containing blood vessels that connects foetus to placenta.
53
What is the umbilicus?
The scar left on the abdomen after the umbilical cord is cut (“belly button”)
54
What is the zona pellucida?
A glycoprotein layer surrounding the ovum that sperm must penetrate during fertilisation.
55
What is a zygote?
A diploid cell formed when sperm and ovum nuclei fuse.
56
How are male and female gametes brought together?
By sexual intercourse
57
What happens during sexual intercourse?
Penis releases semen into the vagina (insemination)
58
How do sperm travel to the uterus?
Via the cervix and into the uterine tubes
59
What must sperm penetrate to fertilise the oocyte?
The corona radiata and zona pellucida
60
What is the acrosomal reaction?
Enzymes from sperm acrosomes digest barriers, allowing one sperm to fuse with the oocyte
61
What happens when male and female pronuclei fuse?
A diploid zygote is formed
62
What process does the zygote undergo to form a blastocyst?
Mitosis (cell division)
63
What is a blastocyst?
A hollow, fluid-filled ball of cells that implants in the uterus
64
What is the inner cell mass of blastocyst?
Pluripotent cells that differentiate to form the embryo
65
What is the zygote classified as?
Totipotent stem cell (can form all cell types including placenta)
66
What do the three primary germ layers form?
Ectoderm: Skin, nervous system Mesoderm: Muscles, bones, circulatory system Endoderm: Digestive and respiratory lining
67
What do embryonic membranes do?
Protect and nourish the embryo
68
What is the amnion and its function?
Membrane that surrounds embryo; encloses amniotic fluid for protection and cushioning
69
What is the chorion and its function?
Outermost membrane that forms foetal part of placenta; exchanges nutrients and wastes
70
What is the placenta's role?
Provides nutrients, removes wastes, and transfers antibodies and hormones
71
What does the umbilical cord do?
Connects foetus to placenta; carries blood via umbilical vein and arteries
72
How does the embryo grow during pregnancy?
Increases in size, muscles, bones, and organs develop; limbs lengthen; external sexual organs develop
73
At what stage is the embryo called a foetus?
By the end of the 8th week
74
What maternal changes occur during pregnancy?
Abdomen enlarges, breasts enlarge, blood volume increases
75
happens just before birth as foetus moves into position?
Foetus' head rests in pelvis; ligaments soften for easier passage
76
What happens in the first stage of labour?
Uterine contractions increase; cervix dilates; baby moves into birth canal.
77
What happens in the second stage of labour?
Membranes rupture; contractions push foetus through birth canal
78
What happens in the third stage of labour (afterbirth)?
Placenta, membranes, and umbilical cord are expelled
79
After birth, why must blood circulate through lungs?
The foetus no longer bypasses via ductus arteriosus, foramen ovule, or ductus venosus.
80
Why is maternal diet important in pregnancy?
Needs nutrients like protein, iron, calcium, folate, and vitamin A for foetal growth and health
81
What are teratogens?
Substances that cause birth defects (e.g., alcohol, drugs, infections)
82
What is foetal alcohol syndrome caused by?
Alcohol exposure during pregnancy leads to, growth issues, intellectual disability, facial abnormalities
83
What is a zygote?
Single cell formed by fusion of sperm and ovum
84
What is a stem cell?
Undifferentiated cell that can divide and specialise.
85
What does pluripotent mean?
Stem cells that can form many, but not all, cell types
86
What are primary germ layers?
Ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm; form all body tissues
87
What is a blastocyst?
Hollow ball of cells with trophoblast + inner cell mass
88
Which germ layer forms hair?
Ectoderm
89
Which germ layer forms lung lining?
Endoderm
90
Which germ layer forms bones?
Mesoderm
91
Which germ layer forms brain?
Ectoderm
92
Which germ layer forms blood?
Mesoderm
93
What are the functions of amniotic fluid?
Cushions embryo, shock absorber, movement, temp control
94
How does blood flow foetus to placenta?
Umbilical Vein
95
How does blood flow mother to placenta?
Uterine arteries
96
Why does progesterone after ovulation help pregnancy?
Maintains endometrium for implantation
97
Why monitor placenta health?
Ensures proper nutrient/oxygen supply & waste removal
98
Why do germ layer positions match their strucutres?
Outer ectoderm= skin/nerves; middle mesoderm= support; inner endoderm= linings
99
When does embryo become foetus?
End of 8th week
100
When do eyes form as slits?
~5 weeks
101
When can kicking/ turning be felt?
~ 20 weeks
102
When do testes descend?
~28 weeks
103
When do fingerprints appear?
~16 weeks
104
When does brain begin developing?
~3 weeks
105
When do arm buds form?
~4 weeks
106
When is brain well developed with furrows?
~32 weeks
107
Why does urination increase in pregnancy?
Uterus presses bladder + increased blood filtration
108
Difference between pregnancy and gestation?
Pregnancy= condition of carrying embryo; Gestation= time period from fertilisation to birth
109
Why do premature babies need respirators?
Lungs immature; lack of surfactant causes collapse
110
Why eat smaller meals in late pregnancy?
Uterus compresses stomach, reducing capacity
111
What is the birth of a baby called?
Parturition
112
What is the birth canal?
Cervix, vagina, vulva
113
Advantages of foramen ovale?
Bypasses lungs; blood flows right to left atrium
114
Why does ductus arteriosus close after birth?
Breathing increases lung blood flow, oxygen closes vessel
115
Why is foetal position before birth important?
Head down in pelvis eases passage, avoids complications
116
Is ductus venosus like a bypass highway?
Yes; bypasses liver to send blood directly to the heart
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