Chapter 12 Study Guide

Question 1

What did Aristotle believe about life forms?

Answer 1

life arranged from simple to complex (Great Chain of Being)

Question 2

What idea did Cuvier propose?

Answer 2

Species wipe out by sudden events–> catastrophism

Question 3

How did Lamarck think evolution worked?

Answer 3

Traits used get stronger; unused fade–> passed on (Lamarckian Inheritance)

Question 4

What did Lyell’s Uniformitarianism mean?

Answer 4

Earth changes slowly by ongoing natural processes

Question 5

What did Malthus say about populations?

Answer 5

They compete for limited resources (Struggle for existence)

Question 6

What are the 4 requirements?

Answer 6

1) trait variation
2) heritability
3) fitness differences
4) traits linked to fitness

Question 7

What happens if all 4 occur ?

Answer 7

adaptive traits become common—> population evolves

Question 8

Microevolution

Answer 8

small changes in allele frequency in a population

Question 9

Example of microevolution

Answer 9

artificial selection (dogs, crops)

Question 10

What are fossils

Answer 10

preserved remains or traces of organisms

Question 11

where do fossils form

Answer 11

in sedimentary rock layers

Question 12

Define macroevolution

Answer 12

large scale evolution—> new species or extinction

Question 13

Example of transitional form

Answer 13

archaeopteryx or Tiktaalik

Question 14

what do homologous structures show?

Answer 14

common ancestry (Same structure, different function)

Question 15

Example of homologous structure

Answer 15

human arm/ bat wing/ whale flipper

Question 16

What are vestigial structure

Answer 16

leftover body parts with little or no function (ex: tailbone)

Question 17

what is convergent evolution

Answer 17

different species evolve similar traits due to similar environments

Question 18

how are analogous structure different from homologous

Answer 18

same function but not from common ancestor

Question 19

example of analogous structures

Answer 19

wings of birds and insects