Chapter 13

Question 1

Oceans cover what % of Earth’s surface?

Answer 1

71%

Question 2

What % of fish live in marine systems?

Answer 2

63%

Question 3

What % of fish live in freshwater systems?

Answer 3

37%

Question 4

What % of Earth’s global ocean have we explored?

Answer 4

5%

Question 5

What are the 4 strategies being proposed by Canadian and U.S. governments?

Answer 5

1. Legislation to protect and restore oceans
2. Increase federal funding to ocean research
3. Shift focus to setting catch limits to preserve aquatic habits
4. Establish marine reserves linked by protected corridors

Question 6

What are 3 countries sharing Lake Victoria?

Answer 6

Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania

Question 7

What are the main reasons for the rapid loss in biodiversity in Lake Victoria since 1980?

Answer 7

1. Introduction of nile perch
2. Algal blooms
3. Extinction of cichlid species
4. Water hyacinth invasions since 1986
5. Nile perch overfished

Question 8

What are the social impacts of the loss of biodiversity?

Answer 8

Nile perch not affordable, and loss of cichlids increases poverty and malnutrition

Question 9

What are the highest diversity habitats?

Answer 9

Coral reefs, estuaries, deep ocean floor

Question 10

Marine system is referred to as what type of frontier?

Answer 10

Research frontier

Question 11

Which region is biodiversity higher in the ocean?

Answer 11

The bottom of the ocean

Question 12

Why is freshwater important?

Answer 12

It provides economic and ecological services worth trillions of dollars each year

Question 13

What are human impacts on aquatic habitat loss?

Answer 13

1. Loss of 50% of coastal wetlands
2. Severe damage to more than 25% of coral reefs
3. Loss of more than 33% of mangrove forest swamps
4. Degradation of bottom habits by trawling
5. Introducing non-native species

Question 14

What % of species are overfished?

Answer 14

75%

Question 15

A 2010 UN report estimates commercially viable fish will be gone by when?

Answer 15

2050

Question 16

What is bycatch?

Answer 16

Catch of non-target species; these species are thrown overboard dead or dying

Question 17

What is the reason for commercial extinction of fish?

Answer 17

Overfishing

Question 18

What % of fish we catch do we throw away?

Answer 18

30%

Question 19

What is the tragedy of the commons?

Answer 19

Depletion of the world’s marine fish stock

Question 20

What is an example of intentionally introduced invader species?

Answer 20

Nile perch in Lake Victoria

Question 21

What is an example of unintentionally introduced invader species?

Answer 21

Through ship ballast water (eurasian ruffe, round goby)

Question 22

Where do most fish in the ocean reproduce?

Answer 22

In coral reefs, mangrove, coastal wetlands, and rivers

Question 23

What is a major cause of ecosystem disruption?

Answer 23

Introduced invasive species

Question 24

Which 3 of 8 major sea turtle species are endangered?

Answer 24

Kemp’s ridley, leatherbacks, and hawksbills

Question 25

What's one way to save turtles?

Answer 25

Using turtle exclusion devices (TEDs) in shrimp trawlers, reduces the sea turtle bycatch

Question 26

What are ways we can protect and sustain marine biodiversity?

Answer 26

1. Protect endangered and threatened species 2. International agreements 3. Integrated coastal management 4. Sustainable management of marine fisheries

Question 27

What % of the ocean's surface do nations control?

Answer 27

36%

Question 28

What % of fish stocks do nations control?

Answer 28

90%

Question 29

What % of ocean area is protected?

Answer 29

Less than 1%

Question 30

What does the UN Law of the Sea state?

Answer 30

All coastal nations have power over the waters and seabed up to 19 km offshore

Question 31

What is a Marine Protection Area (MPA)?

Answer 31

An area of ocean protected from some or all human activities

Question 32

What is integrated coastal management?

Answer 32

A community-based effort to develop and use coastal resources more sustainably

Question 33

How can we reduce bycatch?

Answer 33

Use nets that allow escape of smaller fish and net escape devices for seabirds and sea turtles

Question 34

How can we protect sea areas?

Answer 34

Establish no-fishing areas and more marine-protected areas

Question 35

What is maximum sustained yield?

Answer 35

The highest possible annual catch that can be sustained over time - Difficult to estimate ecosystem interactions - Hastened collapse of stocks

Question 36

What is optimum sustained yield?

Answer 36

The level of effort that maximizes the difference between total revenue and total cost - Provides more room for error - Takes into account interaction with other species

Question 37

What is environmental degradation?

Answer 37

Using faster than it can be replenished

Question 38

What is sustainable yield?

Answer 38

Highest rate which a renewable source can be used without reducing available supply

Question 39

What % of salmon were farmed in B.C. in 2013?

Answer 39

82%; pink salmon most commonly captured species

Question 40

What are some strategies to rebuild salmon populations?

Answer 40

1. Allowing sufficient salmon to escape harvest 2. Protecting the spawning beds 3. Releasing extra water from dams when needed

Question 41

What are important ecological services provided by rivers?

Answer 41

1. Delivering nutrients to sea to help sustain coastal fisheries 2. Depositing silt that maintains deltas 3. Purifying water

Question 42

How can freshwater fisheries be managed/sustained?

Answer 42

1. Building and protecting populations 2. Preventing overfishing 3. Maintaining habitat quality

Question 43

How does the IUCN define biodiversity?

Answer 43

The variability among living organisms from all sources

Question 44

What is the Red List of Threatened Species?

Answer 44

Provides a snapshot of what is happening to species around the world. Updates released every 4 years

Question 45

What are ways we can sustain wetlands?

Answer 45

1. Protect existing wetlands 2. Develop incentives and appreciation for wetlands 3. Steer development away from existing wetlands

Question 46

What % of wetlands in Canada are destroyed?

Answer 46

70%

Question 47

What % of fish stocks are sustainable?

Answer 47

22% (40% in 1970)

Question 48

What % of marine ecosystems are protected?

Answer 48

3.4%