What is development?
Positive changes and transformation.
What are some examples of development?
- Liberation of economic growth
- Per capita income/GDP
- Technological advancement and modernization
- Reducing poverty and ensuring basic needs
What shaped the idea of development?
- Enlightenment history
- Industrialization
- Colonialism
- Modernism
- Institutionalization
- Capitalism
- Globalization
What is diffusion? What are the two ways?
The spread of culture through contact. Mutual borrowing and using power.
Acculturation
Powerless cultures look like a dominant culture
Assimilation
Have lost total identity of a culture
Cultural imperialism
Appropriation of a particular cultural aspect
Colonialism and Imperialism
A culture can become so completely acculturated that it becomes assimilated
What are the models of development?
- Modernization
- Growth-oriented development
- Distributional development
- Human development
- Sustainable development
What is the modernization approach?
A form of change marked by economic growth through industrialization and market expansion, political consolidation through the state, technological innovation, literacy, and options for social mobility
What are the main goals of modernization approach?
- Rationalization and scientific thinking
- Material progress and individual betterment
- Secularism
What are the criticism of modernization?
- westernization process
- reduce cultural and bio diversity
- ethnocentric model
- creates social inequality
What are Walt Rostow’s stages of economic growth?
- traditional society
- precondition for takeoff
- take off
- drive to maturity
- high mass consumption
What is growth oriented development?
See economic growth as the key to success, development as “induced” change by applying modernization theory in so-called developing countries.
What are the two strategies to promote economic growth?
- increasing economic productivity and trade through modernized agriculture and manufacturing and participation in world markets
- neoliberal economic policy, export oriented development and small government
What is distributional development?
Emphasis on social equity in benefits, especially in terms of increased income, literacy and health through state provided services.
What is the human development approach?
Emphasizes investing in human welfare (health, education, security and safety) which will lead to economic development.
What is sustainable development?
Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs.
What are institutional approaches to development?
Cultural anthropologists examine the goals, objectives and management systems and hierarchies of the organizations involved in international development.
What are grassroots approaches?
Locally initiated small-scale projects that use social capital.
What is the liberation theory?
Christian principles of compassion, social justice and community engagement.
Why is culture an important component in understanding development?
Anthropologists study development/change by looking at cultural norms, social organizations, political and economic history, religion, gender, caste and ethnicity
What are the rights associated with women and development?
- right to study, work, divorce and control their own property
- the right to express their sexual orientation, right to abortion and to sexual pleasure
- right to involvement in public sphere
What is the double deep situation?
Can women be good mothers and good workers?
