BIO 242 > Chapter 13 > Flashcards

Chapter 13 Flashcards

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1
Q

Examples of protective structures in the spinal cord?

A

Vertabral colulumn
Meninges

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2
Q

Meninges

A

Layers of connective tissue that surround the spinal cord and the brain

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3
Q

Where are meninges located

A

Spine AND brain

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4
Q

Epidural space

A

Space bw vertabral wall and first layer of connective tissue (dura mater)

  • Lots of fat and connective tissue
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5
Q

Dura Mater

A
  • Official first layer, most superficial layer
  • Made of tough irregular connective tissue
  • “tough mother”
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6
Q

What is subdural space

A

Filled with interstitial fluid
- Underneath dura mater

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7
Q

Arachnoid Mater

A

Very delicate collagan w/ elastic tissue
- is AVASCLAR (no/very poor blood supply)

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8
Q

Subarachnoid space

A

Below Arachnoid mater
Filled with CSF

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9
Q

Pia Mater

A

Most delicate transparent layer of connective tissue
- Very vascular
- “delicate mother”
- Lays right on brain and spinal cord
- Supplies a lot of blood into nervous tissue.

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10
Q

Denticulate Ligaments

A
  • Helps hold the spinal cord in its location.
  • An extension of the pia mater
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11
Q

Spinal Cord Diamer

A

2cm

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12
Q

When does spinal cord stop growing?

A

4-5 yrs
42-54 cm
From Medulla to L3-4

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13
Q

Cervical Enlargement

A
  • From 4th Cervical to Thoracic 1
  • Where nerves that control upper limbs will leave the spinal cord
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14
Q

Lumbar Enlargement

A
  • Thoracic 9-12
  • Nerves that control lower limbs leave the spinal cord
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15
Q

Conus Medullaris

A
  • End of spinal cord “proper”
  • Just below the lumbar enlargement
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16
Q

Filum Terminale

A
  • An extension of the pia mater that anchors the spinal cord the coccyx
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17
Q

Cauda Equina

A
  • “horses tail” appearance
  • AFTER the proper spinal cord ends, spinal nerves continue to go down before going out to their region
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18
Q

Spinal Nerves

A

C = 1-8 (Actually only 7 vertabrae)
T = 1-12
L = 1-5
S = 1-5
Co = 1

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19
Q

Where do Spinal Taps take CSF out of?

A

Subarachnoid Space
- Bw lumbar 3-4 OR 4-5 into subarachnoid space
- Spinal cord proper has stopped by this location

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20
Q

Spinal Nerves are

A

paths of communication between the spinal cord and the nerves innervating specific regions of the body (MOTOR NEURONS)
- connected to the spinal cord by two bundles of axons called roots.

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21
Q

Types of Spinal Nerves

A
  • Mixed nerves
    i). Posterior (dorsal root) - sensory
    ii). Anterior (ventral) root – motor
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22
Q

Posterior Dorsal root (Spinal Nerve)

A

Sensory - Incoming
Carries sensory info
- A ganglion is the location of a collection of cell bodies
- Sensory information travels to association (inter) neuron

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23
Q

Anterior Ventral Root (Spinal Nerve)

A

Motor
-From CNS outward
-Most of the 31 spinal nerves are mixed (Carrying both motor and sensory information)

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24
Q

Denticulate ligaments

A

Lateral extensions of pia mater that fuse with arachnoid mater and secure the spinal cord.

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25
Purpose of subarachnoid space?
To cushion the Spinal Cord
26
Purpose of Cervical Enlargement of spinal cord
The location of nuclei for the upper extremities
27
Purpose of Lumbar enlargement
contains Nuclei for lower extremities
28
What is the Conus medullaris
End of the spinal cord (Bw L1 and L2)
29
Schwann cells are also
Neurolemmacells
30
Where are satellite cells found?
Dorsal root ganglion of sensory neurons
31
What is reflex
Automatic, fast, predictable, is a response
32
What is the H zone?
The area of Gray matter in the middle of the spinal cord that fluctuates in size depending on it's location vertically
33
What is the center back "crevice" of the spinal cord? Center front?
Posterior Median sulcus Anterior Median Fissure
34
What are specific areas of the white matter in the spinal cord referred to as?
(location) white column
35
What are areas of gray matter in the spinal cord referred to as?
(Location) gray horn
36
Sensory receptros condunct AP from WHERE to WHERE
Receptors into spinal nerves (posterior root)
37
What is the track of sensory neurons travelling into the spinal cord for a "Spinal reflex"?
Dorsal root Ganglion - Into posterior Gray horn - synapse with interneurons - synapse with somatic motor neurons - "Spinal Reflex"
38
How many spinal nerves?
31 pairs
39
Connective tissue convering spinal nerves
Epineureum Perineureum Fascicle Endoneureum
40
Branches (rami) of spinal nerves
Posterior Anterior Meningeal Rami communicates
41
Plexusese
Network of nerves
42
5 main networks of nerves throughout the body?
Cervical, Brachial, Lumbar, Sacral, and Coccygeal
43
Where do the Cervical plexus span?
C1-C5
44
Where do the Brachial plexus span?
C4-T2
45
Where do the Lumbar plexus span?
L1-L5
46
Where do the Sacral and Coccygeal plexus span?
L4-S5
47
Where do most herniated discs occur?
L3/L4
48
What does disfunction of Brachial nerves result in?
Palsy, wrist drop, winging of right scapula
49
What is a Dermatome?
The area of the skin that provides sensory input to the CNS via one pair of spinal nerves i.e. Checking bottom of feet for sensation
50
What are the acsending neurons?
Sensory - going towards the brain
51
Descending Neurons
Motor
52
White columns carry what?
Bundles of nerve axons - tracts on sensory AND motor pathways
53
Anytime a pathway travels up throught the spinal cord it travels by:
A column of the white matter
54
What info does spinothalamic Tract carry?
Impulse for pain, temp, itch and tickle
55
What info does Posterior Column Tract Carry?
AKA gracile and cuneate faciculus [bundle] Proprioception (Body movement/position), discriminative touch, two point touch, pressure, vibrations
56
Two major outgoing (motor) patjways
Direct (pyramidal) and Indirect (Extrapyrmaidal)
57
Direct motor pathways
- Originate in cerebellum - Precice, voluntary, skeletal muscle movement Know the 3 - a) Lateral Corticospinal Tracts b) Anterior Corticospinal Tracts c) Corticobulbar Tracts
58
Indirect motor pathways
Automatic responses + Movements Muscle tone, equilibrium - Coordinate boy + head -All carry impulses from brain stem Know the 5 a) Rubrospinal Tracts b) Tectospinal Tracts c) Vestibulospinal Tracts d) Lateral reticulospinal tracts e) Medial reticulospinal tract
59
How to understand motor pathway tract names? i.e. a) Rubrospinal Tracts b) Tectospinal Tracts c) Vestibulospinal Tracts d) Lateral reticulospinal tracts e) Medial reticulospinal tract
First part tells where it comes from and spinal is where it ends
60
Two ways spinal cord promotes homeostasis
Conducting motor+sensory APs Reflexes (autonomic responses) - Spinal cord = intergration center in involuntary movements
61
Cranial nerves reflex intergration center?
Brain stem - for eye tracking
62
Somatic nerve reflex ?
Contraction of skeletal muscle
63
Autonomic (Viceral) reflex?
Effects Smooth and cardiac muscles and glands
64
Spinal nerve reflex?
Integration in spinal cord i.e knee jerk
65
5 components of all reflexes
1. Sensory receptor (generate GP/AP) 2. Sensory Neuron (Carries impulses) 3. Integration Center (Interneuron, cortex, brainstem, cerebellum - regions contribute to final outcome) 4. Motor Neuron (Impulse conducted back towards effecter) 5.Effector
66
Monosynaptic
Sensory pathway involving only one synapse
67
Ipsilateral
Sensory and motor on same side of spinal cord
68
Reciprocal inhibition
Contraction of one muscle causes relaxation of antagonist muscle
69
Muscle spindle
Receptor located in muscle fiber If rate/length of stretch = greater than normal, muscle spindle is activated (reflex/protective mechanism)
70
Axon collateral
Additional axons that travel to other regions of CNS
71
Describe Tendon reflex
Ipsilateral Muscle spindle creates tension if actibated
72
Golgi Tendon Organ
Monitors amount of force/tension GTOs always present if there are tendons - ipsilateral -Causes reflex relaxation to prevent damage from extreme force - Polysynaptic
73
Purpose of GTO
Reduce damage that could occur
74
Flexor Reflex
Withdraw reflex (Pain stimulus) - Polysynaptic - Ipsilateral - Intersegmental
75
Intersegmental
- More than just one spinal cord segment (hamstring is large muscle, controlled by more than one spinal nerve)
76
Crossed Extensor Reflex
To support other leg/limb during withdraw reflex - Polysynaptic -Contralateral - Intersegmental
77
Contralateral
Sensory and motor neurons are on opposite sides of body
78
Babinski sign
Positive: Great toe extends Negative: No extension (Unless younger than 1.5 yrs)
79
Babinski sign positive older than 1.5 yrs indicates?
corticospinal tract lesions
80
Abdominal Reflex
Belly button shifts twoards laterally stroked abdominal wall Negative: Cortical spinal tract issue, lesions in PNS, intergration center OR MS
81
Negative Achilles Reflex due to
diabetes, neurosyphilis, alcoholism
82
Shingles
- Infection of varicella virus (took up residence in spinal ganglia (posterior root)) - Later on (under stress) the vurus appears along pathway of specific dermatone - Surfaces as raised blisters, persisting
83
Spinal Cord compression
If spinal cord compressed but not severed (Transected) - For period of time, appearance of spinal cord trauma -Most of functions can/will return (if not cutting occurred)
84
What do degenerative NS diseases generally cause?
demyelination, breaking of neuronal pathways
85
Meningitis
- Infection of meninges (connenctive tissue surrounding spinal cord) - Have to test CSF - Viral OR bacterial (particular deadly) - Can result in death or amputations
86
How do epidural blocks work?
- Injecting anisthetic into epidural space (in meningeal layer) - Lose sensation. - In lumbar spine for birthing
87
Complete Transection
Severed
88
Incomplete "quad"
Spinal compression BUT NOT transection resulting in quadriplegia with potential to improve function dramatically
89
adult length of spinal cord vs newborn
Adult - Runs from Medulla to L2 Newborn- Runs from Medulla to L3-4
90
Disorder associated with Brachial plexus?
Winging of R scapula, wrist drop, Palsy
91
Name 4 principal reflexes
Stretch, Tendon, Flexor (withdraw), Crossed Extension
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