Describe some ways that ships are used to study the ocean. What limitations do they have?
•Can observe many facets of the ocean including:
–Temperature and salinity conditions
–Marine life
–Pollution
–Seawater chemistry
•Can even observe bottom conditions in more shallow water
•Depth at which they can make observations depends on sampling arm, cable, or rope length…
Describe some ways that submersibles are used to study the ocean? What limitations do they have?
- deep water
- Greatly increased knowledge of mid-and deep-water marine life
- limited to humans because of deep pressure
How have satellites contributed to oceanographic studies? What kind of data do they collect?
- Provide instant data
- Monitor entire planet within a few hours
- Observe changes in ocean currents, temperature, sea-surface topography
- Used to detect El Niño and La Niña
What is a deep sea cabled observatory?
–On ocean floor, linked to a mainland by fiber-optic and power cables
–Continuous monitoring
–Real time data is delivered to scientists on land
Give an example of a deep sWhat are some advantages of a deep sea cabled observatory?ea cabled observatory
MARS observatory
Advantages of deep sea cabled observatory?
–Continuous monitoring
–Real time data is delivered to scientists on land
Captain James cook…how many voyages in what ocean?
3 voyages exploring the pacific ocean
Captain James cook mapped which ocean’s
Mapped the Southern Ocean and parts of the Pacific Ocean
Captain James Cook discovered which lands?
“discovered” Australia, New Zealand, and Hawaii
HMS Beagle studied what islands?
Galapagos
Challenger expedition
- First voyage dedicated exclusively to marine science
- Created maps of major ocean currents
- Discovered the Challenger Deep in Mariana Trench (Deepest part)
- Found manganese nodules in North Atlantic •Documented diversity of marine organisms, especially microscopic plankton
Triste Sub
- Dove to the bottom of the Challenger Deep (almost the deepest part of the Challenger Deep)
- First two men to go to the bottom of the Mariana Trench (see ch2)
What is deep sea drilling and what information does it collect?
Drill holes in ocean floor to take a core sample of rock or sediment
•Sediment/rock type (ch11)•Age of ocean floor (ch2)•Seafloor Spreading (ch2)•Fossils (ch11)•Isotopes (ch12)•Magnetic reversals (ch2)•And much more…
What are Autonomous Instrumented Platforms? What kind of data do they collect?
- Buoys: small floating platforms, moored at fixed locations–Measure weather conditions–Measure temperature, salinity, and ocean currents (among other things)
- Argo floats: descending and rising cylindrical devices•Obtain profiles of ocean temperature and salinity to depths of 2000 m
What are Autonomous Instrumented Vehicles? What kind of data do they collect?
- AUV for short•Un-piloted, no cable
- Programmed to follow a pre-set path
- Measure temperature, salinity, currents, etc.
