Chapter 13 Aggregation, Composition, and Inheritance

Question 1

When an object is complex, you shouldn’t use just one class. How should you break it up?

Answer 1

Into constiuent parts, defining one class as the whole and the other classes as part of the whole.

Question 2

What is it called when the “whole” class is the exclusive owner of the parts classes?

Answer 2

A composition

Question 3

In a composition relationship, how many owners can a composition part have?

Answer 3

Only one.

Question 4

Example composition hierarchy, human body example.

Answer 4

Question 5

What is the relationship between a containing class and one of its part classes know as?

Answer 5

A has-a relationship.

Example: Each human body has a brain and has a heart.

Question 6

What type of has-a relationship is it when one class is whole and other classes are parts of the whole?

Answer 6

Aggregation, similar to composition, but there are no additional constraints that requires parts to be exclusively owned by the whole.

Question 7

What does a Universal Modeling Language (UML) class diagram show?

Answer 7

The relationship between a programs classes.

Question 8

What do the symbols in a UML mean?

Example also attached

Answer 8

• A solid line between two classes represents an association - a relationship between classes.
• On an association line, a solid diamond indicates a composition relationship, and a hollow diamond indicates an aggregation relationship. The diamond goes next to the container class.
• The labels on the association lines are called multiplicity values. They indicate the number of object instances for each of the two connected classes.
• The * multiplicity value represents any size number, zero through infinity.

Question 9

What is required to implement a program that uses aggregation and composition?

Answer 9

• Define one class for the whole and define seperate classes for each of the parts.
• For a class that contains another class, declare an instance variable inside the containing class such that the instance variable holds a reference to one or more of the contained class’s objects.
• Typically, for association line with * multiplicity values, use an ArrayList to implement the instance variable associated with the asterisked class.

Question 10

What are other considerations when implementing a program that uses aggregration and composition?

Answer 10

• If two classes have an aggregation relationship with non-exclusive ownership, then store the contained class’s object in an instance variable in the containing class, but also store it in another variable outside of the containing class, so the object can be added to another aggregation and have two different “owners.”
• If two classes have a composition relationship, then store the contained class’s object in an instance variable in the containing class, but do not store it elsewhere. That way, the object can have only one “owner.”

Question 11

What is inheritance?

Answer 11

When a new class is derived from an existing class.

Question 12

Why is it called inheritance?

Answer 12

Because the new class inherits/borrows all the features (data and methods) of the existing class.

Question 13

Why is inheritance important to programming languages?

Answer 13

Because it allows programmers to reuse existing software. More specifically, the existing class is used by all of the classes that are derived from it.

Question 14

Example inheritance hierarchy that keeps track of people in a department store

Answer 14

Question 15

In an inheritance hierarchy, the pairs of classes are linked together. For each pair what are the classes called?

Answer 15

The more generic class is call the superclass and the more specific class is called the subclass.

Question 16

In an inheritance which class is derived from the other?

Answer 16

A subclass is derived from a superclass.

Meaning the subclass inherits all of the superclasses data and methods.

Question 17

In an inheritance, which class has more capability?

Answer 17

Subclasses have more capability, they can do everything that a superclass can do, plus more.

Question 18

What are the requirements for a UML class diagram for inheritance relationships?

Answer 18

That is use an arrow for the relationship, with a hollow arrowhead pointing to the superclass.

Question 19

What is the difference in arrows between UML class diagrams and the direction in which inheritance flows?

Answer 19

They go opposite one another.

Question 20

What are the benefits of inheritance?

Answer 20

- It helps with code reusability

– A superclasses code can be used for multiple subclasses. That eliminates code redundancy and make debugging and upgrading easier.

– A programmer can use an existing class to easily create a new subclass (no need to “reinvent the wheel”)

- Smaller modules (because classes are split into superclasses and subclasses)

– That makes debugging and upgrading easier

Question 21

How can a constructor call a constructor in its superclass? (syntax)

Answer 21

super (“arguments”);

Question 22

When is the only time a constructor call is allowed?

Answer 22

If it’s the very first line in the constructor’s body.

This rule is applicable in two circumstances:

• constructor calls to constructors in the same class (using this)
• -* for constructor calls to constructors in the superclass (using super)

Question 23

What is unneccesary, in an instance method, if you call a method that’s in the same class as the class you’re currently in?

Answer 23

The reference variable dot prefix

Question 24

In what circumstances, in relation to an instance method, are variable dot prefix’s unnecessary?

Answer 24

• If you call a method that’s in the same class as the class you’re currently in.
• If you call a method that’s in the superclass of the class you’re currently in.

Question 25

What is it called when a subclass has a method with the same name and the same parameter types as a method in its superclass?

Answer 25

Method overriding

Question 26

What are properties if a subclass contains an overriding method?

Answer 26

- By default, an object of the subclass will use the subclass's overriding method (an not the superclass's overridden method) - Sometimes, an object of the subclass may need to call the superclass's overridden method. To do that, preface the method call with "super." (don't forget the dot.

Question 27

What occurs if a subclass and superclass have methods with the same name, same parameter types, and different return types?

Answer 27

A compilation error.

Question 28

What can be used to specify a method definition cannot be overrideen with a new definition in a subclass?

Answer 28

The *final* modifier in the method heading Example:

Question 29

Under what circumstances would you want to use *final?*

Answer 29

- If you think the your method is perfect, then you might want to use *final* to prevent anyone else from overriding it in the future. - *final* methods might run faster since the compiler can generate more efficient bytecode for them (because there's no need to prepare for the possibility of inheritence).

Question 30

What should you do if you want to specify that a class cannot have any subclasses?

Answer 30

Use the *final* access modifier in the class heading. Example: public *final* class FullTime

Question 31

What are the two basic types of class relationships?

Answer 31

- Aggregation and composition relationships are when one class is a whole and other classes are part of the whole. - An inheritance relationship is when one class is a more detailed version of another class. The more detailed class is a subclass, and the other class is a superclass. The subclass inherits the superclass's members (variable and methods).

Question 32

Why do we call aggregation and composition relationships "has a" relationships?

Answer 32

Because one class, the container, _has a_ component class inside of it.

Question 33

Why do we call an inheritance relationship an "is a" relationship?

Answer 33

Because one class, a subclass, _is a_ more detailed version of another class.