Chapter 13: Class Anthozoa

Question 0

What are the three subclasses??

Answer 0

Zoantharia, Cerianthpatharia and Alcyonaria

Question 1

Main Characteristics?

• habitat?
• organs?
• Gastrovascular cavity?? (2) Septa whats up with that? Pairs not? maybe?

Answer 1

• all marine, in deep and shallow…varying in size
• no special organs for respiration or excretion
• Gastrovascular cavity:
• large and partitioned by speta or mesenteries, inward extensions of the body wall…
• septa may be coupled or paired !

Question 2

Sea Anemones?? Whats up with those?

• polyps size /weight
• attach to what? (3)
• burrow?
• crown of tentacles location?
• O2 , waste , pressure?

Answer 2

• Polyps larger and heavier than hydrozoan polyps
• attached to shells, rocks, timber etc by pedal disc
• burrow in mud or sand alt
• crown of tentacles surrounds the flat oral disc
• transports oxygen, removes wastes and maintains fluid pressure for hydrostatic skeleton

Question 3

Gastrovascular cavity (sea anemones)

• its divided into six pairs of?
• surface area is increased via?
• free edge of each incomplete septum forms? (2)

Answer 3

• septa or mesenteries
• smaller or incomplete septa subdivide the large chambers increasing surface area
• forms a septal filament with nematocysts and gland cells for digestion..

Question 4

Acontia Threads? (sea anemone)

• location?
• equipped with?
• may protrude? for?

Answer 4

-at lower ends of septal filaments, equipped with nematocysts and may protrude through mouth to help secure prey.

Question 5

What do sea anemones do when in danger???

Answer 5

-water rushes out of pores and the sea anemone contracts to a small size

Question 6

Feeding behaviour in sea anemones are under?

• Asparagine? function?
• Glutathione? function?

Answer 6

chemical control

• activates feeding causing tentacles to bend toward mouth
• when there are reduced levels of this it induces swallowing..

Question 7

Longitudinal muscles of the epidermis only occur where? (sea anemone )

Answer 7

-tentacles and oral disc

Question 8

Longitudinal muscles of the column occur only where? in?

sea anemones

Answer 8

-gastrodermal, in septa

Question 9

Most sea anemones can glide slowly via?

Answer 9

pedal disc

Question 10

Reproduction in Sea Anemones ?

-sexual reproduction classification?

Answer 10

-dioecious, monoecious

Question 11

The monoecious species of sea anemones are protandrous which means what?

Answer 11

produce sperm first and eggs later

Question 12

Gonads are located where in sea anemones ?

Answer 12

margins of septa

Question 13

Fertilization in sea anemones is ? or?

zygote becomes?

Answer 13

external or in gastrovascular cavity

-ciliated larva

Question 14

Other forms of reproduction in sea anemones? (4)

Answer 14

pedal laceration, longitudinal and transverse fission and budding.

Question 15

Hexacorallian Corals?

• order?
• nicknamed?
• physical description/comparison
• the Gastrocavity is ,…what?
• Do they have a pedal disc?
• Secretion ? (support?) Sclerosepta?
• Living tissue?

Answer 15

-members of Scleractinia (order)
-true/stony coral
-miniature sea anemones that live in calcareous cups they secrete.
-Gastrocavity is Hexamerous
-no pedal disc
I> secretes limey skeletal cup with sclerosepta projecting up into the polyp
- living tissue?—– forms over the coral surface…connecting all gastrovascular cavities of the colony !

Question 16

Tube Anemones and Thorny Corals?

• subclass?
• Septa arrangement?
• Habitat for each?
• live in what kind of temp?

Answer 16

• Ceriantipatharia
  -coupled but unpaired septa
  -Tube Anemones live in soft sediments…solitary
  I> Thorny or Black Corals..are colonial and attach to firm substrata
  -both live in warmmer seas…

Question 17

Alcyonarian Corals ?

• symmetry ?
• tentacle arrangement /amount
• septa arrangement ?
• Colonial or solitary?

Answer 17

• octomerous symmetry
• 8 pinnate tentacles
• 8 unpaired complete septa
• all are colonial and communicate via gastrovascular cavities via tubes.

Question 18

Coral Reefs

• placement of animals and plants are located where?
• diversity?

Answer 18

• above the calcium carbonate deposits…aka limited to the top layer
• great diversity of organisms rivalled by only the rainforest

Question 19

What type of corals and algae for most of the coral reef?

Answer 19

-Hermatypic corals and coralline algae

Question 20

Hermatypic corals and coralline algae characteristics ?

• habitat description? temp,water state, location boundaries
• what live in the corals tissue and their function?/ relationship

Answer 20

-require warmth, light and salinity of undiluted sea water
-limited to shallow waters….between 30 degrees north and 30 degrees south latitude
-photosynthetic zooxanthellae live in their tissues
I> providing food for corals and recycle phosphorus and nitrogenous wastes.

Question 21

What are the four types of reefs?

Answer 21

• Fringing, Barrier Atolls andPatch /Bank reefs.

Question 22

Fringing Reef?

Answer 22

-near the land with no lagoon or a very narrow lagoon

Question 23

Barrier Reef?

Answer 23

parallel to shore with a wide and deep lagoon

Question 24

Atolls Reef?

Answer 24

-encircles a lagoon but not an island, have a steep bank on the seaward slope

Question 25

Patch or Bank Reefs?

Answer 25

some distance back from any steep slopes (sandy bottom)

Question 26

What is a reef front also called a fore reef slope ?

Answer 26

side facing the sea

Question 27

What is a reef crest?

Answer 27

- shallow water or emergent at top of the reef front - wave action breaks pieces off. - reef flat toward the shore receives debris and coralline sand.

Question 28

Coral reefs support a diversity of ?

Answer 28

fish and coral

Question 29

Few _______ enter or leave the system. Little is lost _________ in ______ among interacting ________.

Answer 29

nutrients, efficiency, recycling, organisms

Question 30

Nutrients from what two things threaten coral reefs? leading to?

Answer 30

- fertilizer and sewage....via promoting excessive algal growth. possibly some that are not symbiotic.

Question 31

Higher atmospheric concentrations of what tends to do what to the ocean water and cause what difficulty with corals.

Answer 31

-Carbon dioxide via burning hydrocarbon fuels -acidify ocean water I> makes precipitation of CaCO3 by coral more difficult metabolically.

Question 32

What does the term Coral Bleaching refer to? - caused by? what changes? - zooxanthellae ?

Answer 32

-when warmer water damages the photosynthetic mechanism in zooxanthellae I> harmful oxidants build up and diffuse into coral tissue causing it to turn white and brittle. - zooxanthellae die or are expelled by the coral....white coral actually makes the situation worst due to reflective colour brining even more light in.

Question 33

Medical aspects of coral? (3)

Answer 33

- bacteria - chemical that produces a sunscreen more efficient than any humans have(coral in Great Barrier Reef produce this chemical) - bone grafting

Question 34

Cancer and other diseases (corals)?

Answer 34

- chemicals harvested from reef associated species may offer new treatments for leukaemia, skin cancer and tumours.. - Curacin A: treat cancer such as colon, lung and breast.