Chapter 13: Individual Differences in Emotions

Question 1

US Sample highlights

Answer 1

• men report more happiness
• women report more negative emotions
• men and women had same frequency of emotions in general

Question 2

Children Metanalysis

Answer 2

• females showed more positive emotions in childhood and adolescence
• internalising differences disappeared by adolescence
• externalising switched to adolescent females after adolescnce
• overal negative facial expressions were highest in girls after adolescence (teen years??)

Question 3

LaFrance et al’s Study (smiling)

Answer 3

• differences are most pronounced with unfamiliar social partners
• largest effect for teenagers
• largest effects for equal-power partners

Question 4

Aldao et al’s Study

Answer 4

• women reported ruminating + using secondary control strategies, which is contradictory

Question 5

Primary vs Secondary Control Strategies

Answer 5

primary: change the situation around you
secondary: change the way you think and interact with the situation

Question 6

Frontal Lobe Assymetry

Answer 6

left: approach motivation
right: avoidance motivation

Question 7

Hecht and LaFrance’s Study

Answer 7

same-sex dyads
- women smiled more than men regardless of status
- difference was eliminated when comparing high status men and women
- smiling was no longer correlated with positive feelings when the person was in the “interviewee” role

Question 8

OCEAN

Answer 8

Open-mindedness to new experiences
Conscientiousness
Extraversion
Agreeability
Neuroticism

Question 9

O

Answer 9

high dispositional positive affect (even when controlling for the other 4)

Question 10

C

Answer 10

report more joy, contentment, and pride
- stronger senes of emotional regulation and control

Question 11

E

Answer 11

linked to positive emotions, and more reward driven
- higher positive reactivity

Question 12

A

Answer 12

highly linked with positive emotions, better at emotional regulation
- more intense interpersonal emotions

Question 13

N

Answer 13

linked with negative emotions; reliance on wishful thinking and withdrawal