•What is catabolism and anabolism and how do each contribute to metabolism?
Catabolism (Breakdown of larger molecules)
• Degradative
• Exergonic
• Generate ATP
• Produce NADPH
(and NADH)
• Oxidative
• Increase
entropy
• Converging
patterns
Anabolism (synthesis of larger molecules)
- Biosynthetic
- Endergonic
- Use ATP
- Use NADPH and NADH
- Reductive
- Decrease entropy
- Diverging patterns
- Be able to differentiate between photoautotrophs, photoheterotrophs, chemoautotrophs and chemoheterotrophs
Nutritional requirements reflect metabolic energy sources
What are aerobes and anaerobes?
Organisms differ in oxygen requirements for metabolism
- What are essential amino acids and list the essential amino acids?
Essential amino acids are nutritional requirements
Methionine, Valine, (Histidine), Threonine, Phenylalanine, Leucine, Isoleucine, Tryptophan, and Lysine
(M, V, H, T, P, L, I, T, L)
meth values hiding the phenyl like isis tripping lucy
What is the definition of Vitamins?
Vitamins are required for metabolism
- Be able to identify essential minerals and trace elements and give examples of their roles within cells
■ Signal transduction
■ Enzyme catalysis
■ Enzyme function
Major Essential Minerals
Sodium, Potassium, Chlorine, Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium, Sulfur
(S, P, C, C, P, M, S)
Sally picks canned cranberries providing much stupidity
Trace Elements
Iron, Copper, Zinc, Selenium, Iodine, Chromium, Fluorine
(I, C, Z, S, I, C, F)
I cant, zilly’s sickness is C F
- What cellular components or molecules are created by the breakdown of lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins?
■ Connected enzymatic reactions that produce specific products
■ Protein – Provide nitrogen and essential amino acids
■ Carbohydrates – Provide energy and nucleotides
■ Lipids – Provide energy, membrane components and signaling molecules
List the metabolic pathways localized in each cellular organelle.
Cellular Specialization in Metabolism
- Explain the different ways enzymes are can be connected for a metabolic pathway. Describe how these different connects can alter rates of pathways.
■ Metabolic pathways can involve enzymes that are:
– physically separate
– in multienzyme complexes
– membrane-bound complexes
Metabolites are often connected by opposing metabolic pathways
- What are near equilibrium reactions and how they differ from irreversible reactions.
■ ∧G approximately 0 (no net change in free energy)
■ Easily reversible
■ Rate regulated by concentration of products and reactants
product A + B C + D
substrate A + B C + D
Irreversible
■ Are irreversible (overall pathway)
■ Have a committed step
■ Catabolic and Anabolic pathways differ
- What is metabolic flux (short term and long term)
J=Vf-Vr
■Short-term
– Allosteric control (bottom)
– Covalent modification
– Substrate cycles (right)
■ Long-term – Genetic control
- Be able to label the phosphates and bond types in ATP
ATP: high energy phosphates
■The currency of the cell
■ Large free energy change accompanies cleavage of its phosphoanhydride bonds
■“high” energy compounds include phosphoryl-containing molecules that have a phosphoryl transfer potential below -25 kJ/mol
■ All spontaneous but also kinetically stable
- Describe the characteristics of phosphoranhydride bonds that make them high energy. How does this relate to other high energy compounds?
Factors influencing high energy character of phosphoranhydride bonds
■ Electrostatic repulsion
■ Increase in entropy
■ Stabilization due to hydration
■ Resonance stabilization
- Be able to describe phosphoryl transfer potentials and how energy flows through phosphate compounds
the standard free energy of hydrolysis—is a means of comparing the tendency of organic molecules to transfer a phosphoryl group to an acceptor molecule. ATP has a higher phosphoryl- transfer potential than glycerol 3-phosphate
What is energy coupling?
■ Exergonic reactions can be coupled to endergonic reaction to drive them to completion
■ Additivity of free energy
- What is the difference between FAD and NAD+ in terms of the ability to carry hydrogens and electrons?
Electron carriers: NAD+
■ Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
■ Accepts hydride anion
What is the difference between FAD and NAD+ in terms of the ability to carry hydrogens and electrons?
Electron carriers: FAD
■ Flavin adenine dinucleotide
■ Can accept 1 or 2 electrons with or without protons
What is oxidation and reduction. Be able to recognize if a compound is begin oxidized or reduced in a reaction
Oxidation-reduction reactions are the energy source for metabolism
Use the Nernst equation to calculate standard half-cell potential difference
Half reactions can be physically separated to form an electrochemical cell and the voltage difference can be measured
-describes redox reactions
■E- half cell potential difference
■ Eo’- standard half cell potential difference
■ n- number of moles of electrons transferred between cells
■ [red] – concentration of molecule/ion that gained electron
■ [ox] – concentration of molecule/ion that lost electrons
Eo’ can help determine movement of electrons
■ A more positive Eo’
- more likely to accept electrons
- more likely to be an oxidizing agent
- more likely to become reduced
- How does standard reduction potential relate to free energy? Be able to do calculations.
A typical table of standard reduction potentials for half-reactions
Do Practice Calculations everytime you get this question
