Chapter 14

Question 1

Family as a system

Answer 1

parents and children influence each other and the family system is influenced by other individuals and institutions

Collectivist nature of communities where extended family and community play a role in raising children

Definition of family changes for everyone

Question 2

What are the 2 primary dimensions:

Answer 2

• warmth and responsiveness
• control (demandingness)

Question 3

What levels of primary dimension is best

Answer 3

High levels of warmth and responsiveness and moderate levels of control are the best

Question 4

What are Parenting Styles

Answer 4

Authoritarian
Authoritative
Permissive
Uninvolved

Question 5

Which parenting style is the best for children

Answer 5

authoritative parenting

Question 6

Authoritative

Answer 6

High parental involvement + High Control

• explains rules
• open to discussion
• give and take between parent and child
• eg parent here will tell them no but will explain it to them, let the child speak as well

Question 6

Authoritarian

Answer 6

Low involvement + High control

– No cus I said so
- no communication
- kids tend to shut down , feelings of depression cus what they say dont matter
- eg if child wants to go to an event the parent will simply say no and wont discuss it with the child even if they dont understand

*** Kids that experience this in culture where its common wont feel or think its negative simply cus its the norm

Question 7

Permissive

Answer 7

Low control High Involvement

• accepts their child’s behavior , lack of punishment
• eg, if the child is asking to go to an event, the parent will simply say yes

Question 8

Uninvolved

Answer 8

Low involvement + Low control

• parent avoids being emotionally involved with them only does the bare minimum
• eg the child will simply go to the event without speaking to their parent cus parent doesnt care and would rather not be bothered

Question 9

What are behaviors parents use to influence their child

Answer 9

Direct instruction: Telling children what to do, when, and why

Observing: where child learn from watching others and from counterimitation aka what should not be done

Feedback: Reinforcement is useful, but parents often unknowingly reinforce behaviours they want to prevent (negative reinforcement trap)

Question 10

Types of punishments according to research to be effective

Answer 10

• administered promptly and consistently
• accompanied by an explanation and suggestions for future ways of behaving
• administered by a person with whom the child has a warm affectionate relationship

Question 11

Disadvantages of punishment

Answer 11

• Behaviours are only stopped temporarily
• Child may be too angry or upset to learn alternative behaviour
• Child may imitate aggressive behaviours of parent with peers and younger siblings, leading to behaviour problems

Question 12

During time out …

Answer 12

a child who misbehaves must briefly sit alone in a quiet, unstimulating location

Question 13

Time in?

Answer 13

Time in is an alternative method that is gaining ground in Early Childhood Education settings

Involves talking to the child immediately to help them understand

Question 14

Infleunces on marital system (parenting and effects on kids)

Answer 14

• With parents, 1 thing that is most challenging for kids is when there is high level of conflict (doesn’t matter if theyre separated or together)
• As if they put a brick in the child’s backpack.
  We want to minimize amount of conflict parents have

Question 15

What is a time period that made conflicts worse and why

Answer 15

COVID

-It was an extreme situation. Parents had to be with kids and eachother all day, everyday

Question 16

Impact of divorce on children

Answer 16

When parent gets divorce – biggest predictor on how child will be after the divorce

If parent don’t argue and see eye to eye, then the first year will be hard for the child and then they will be able to come around afterwards

1st year of divorce will be the hardest part of a child’s life ( cus it will be a first for everything) needs time to readjust)

kids with more negative effects happens when parents have a lot of conflict or when child is already more emotional

Kids in elementary school (old enough to understand whats happening and what its like living with both parents) and high school (identity formation where you want to be with your friends but the parents wants to see you cus they don’t get to see you as much as they did before) are most affected

Economic hardship – before it was 2 income that comes down to 1 single income

Question 17

Blended families

Answer 17

most typical blended family is a mother, children, and a stepfather

Girls are more likely to process the feelings, they have more difficulty with step parents because they report to have higher levels of loyalty.. They will also take on a certain role eg. More parentified and so having a new person in the family it puts them off.

step parents are challenging. So having a defined role for the step parent is rlly helpful.

Question 18

What should step parent do to be involved

Answer 18

if they are not the one to be disciplining but shows interest in child or teen, it can contribute to the most successful relationship

if step parent starts disciplining it can lead to conflict.  boys are more likely to keep things in

When step family’s children’s are involved. We need to let children know that they still have the parent’s attentions : eg. Using Visual calendars –

Question 19

types of grandparents

Answer 19

Influential
Supportive
Authority oriented
Passive
Detached

Question 20

When is there a conflict between child and grandparent

Answer 20

when there isn’t a clearly defined role

Expectation in roles is really important

Question 21

Grandparents in indigenous families and minorities

Answer 21

are often very closely involved in raising their grandchildren

Grandparents are especially active in the lives of immigrant and minority children, often taking on parental roles

Question 22

Children of gay/lesbian parents

Answer 22

Doesn’t matter.
What matters is the parenting

Question 23

First born, laterborn vs only child

Answer 23

First born with higher IQ (big time hands on parents, very invested and protected)
- could be cus More responsible, better at school, better problem solving abilities

Lateborn (more popular and more innovative, get attention, tend to be very funny)

parents tend to have more realistic expectations for laterborns

Only child are more like the first born

Question 24

Adopted children

Answer 24

Most adopted children develop within the typical range Traumatic start to life: it may be difficult until we develop a secure attachment children Adopted very early or had good quality care when young then they will reap the benefits

Question 25

Closed vs open adoption

Answer 25

Closed adoption is unhealthy and can cause identity crisis Open adoption is recommended: possibility for the kids to meet biological adoption and talking about it to the kid unless otherwise parents want nothing to do with child

Question 26

Qualities of sibling relationships

Answer 26

There can be rivalries They also provide a lot of positive effects We want kids to have their own identities to reduce sibling rivalries (More likely when theyre same sex and close in age )

Question 27

Siblings get along best when (6)

Answer 27

- they are same sex - neither is temperamentally emotional - the younger sibling enters adolescence - parents don’t show favouritism - each has a unique and well-defined relationship with parents - parents have a warm relationship with each other

Question 28

Maltreatment and consequences on child

Answer 28

When children are abused, their social, emotional, and intellectual development is often affected There is variability in how children respond to abuse Children who are ego-resilient exhibit fewer negative consequences following abuse

Question 29

maltreatment from adult pov

Answer 29

Caused by: adults who were abused as children as well Back to oxygen mask analogy, if parent is dealing with their own mental health issues it is important to channel that first to prevent the risk of hurting their kid If you are being abused, the best thing for your child is to break the cycle (most challenging but most rewarding)

Question 30

What is ego resilient

Answer 30

Ego resilient – they become more adaptable in challenging situation tends to have fewer consequences

Question 31

preventing maltreatment

Answer 31

Change societal attitudes toward acceptable punishment Eliminating poverty and other stressors Providing parents with better education about child development, parenting, coping skills as well as social support

Question 32

Development of peer interation - what are the sequences

Answer 32

parallel play, associative play, and cooperative play kids go through each step as they grow

Question 33

Parallel play

Answer 33

I play side by side but not interacting (eg I play lego , you play lego)

Question 34

Associative play

Answer 34

I am aware you are there so I take some blocks and you take some from me

Question 35

Cooperative play

Answer 35

Lets play together house (includes make-believe games which is good ) - norm by 3.5 and in preschool

Question 36

Benefits of make believe games

Answer 36

beneficial for creativity, problem solving and communication skills influenced by culture Children who engage in make-believe play tend to be more advanced in language, memory, executive functioning, and more sophisticated in understanding others’ thoughts, beliefs, and feelings

Question 37

Solitary play

Answer 37

playing by yourself, sometimes it’s a good thing cus u think outside the box (divergent thinking) but sometimes its not good cus ur shy or socially anxious Some forms of solitary play may indicate problems with social interaction (e.g., wandering aimlessly)

Question 38

Parent involvement in preschool children play types of roles

Answer 38

playmate, social director, coach, and mediator

Question 39

secure maternal attachment

Answer 39

relationship contributes to positive peer relationships: positive parent relationship leads to child to have better peer relationships

Question 40

friendships

Answer 40

Friendships become more complex with age between 8 to11 - trust and assitance Adolescence : Intimacy and loyalty children and teens befrineds people who are similar to us , values and attitudes

Question 41

Friendship effect on children

Answer 41

Children with good friends have higher self-esteem, are less likely to be lonely and depressed, better able to cope with life stresses, less likely to be victimized by peers, have greater self-worth as young adults, tend to be more prosocial

Question 42

Negative side of friendhsip

Answer 42

Friendships can be negative: co-rumination can be a problem (especially for girls) friends sometimes encourage aggressive or risky behaviour

Question 43

Romantic relationship

Answer 43

Important in early adolescence (sexual exploration) 1st relationship hurts the most cause we give our full 100. we are also more vulnerable

Question 44

Groups/crowds

Answer 44

common during adolescence undefined hierarchy (dominance hierarchy like gangs) Peer pressure is common , can be positive or negative

Question 45

When is peer influence strongest

Answer 45

youth are younger and more socially anxious peers have higher status peers are friends standards for appropriate behaviour are unclear

Question 46

Peer nomination technique - categories in children

Answer 46

popular, rejected, controversial, average, and neglected

Question 47

Popular

Answer 47

well-liked by many and didn’t come up in the list of those being unliked

Question 48

Rejected

Answer 48

Not liked but doesn’t appear in well-liked

Question 49

Controversial

Answer 49

being well liked by many and many not liked , think of Regina George

Question 50

Average

Answer 50

peppered in both

Question 51

Neglected

Answer 51

Not mentioned in either

Question 52

Impact of rejection

Answer 52

long-term consequences such as dropping out of school, engagement in criminal behaviour, experiencing psychopathology - Parents can influence children’s rejection by modelling negative social skills and by providing inconsistent discipline that contributes to an aggressive interpersonal style Rejected children can be taught social skills that contribute to peer acceptance

Question 53

Childcare and afterschool activities

Answer 53

Beneficial to kids when it’s a good quality after school program

Question 54

Latchkey children

Answer 54

When kids go home after school instead of after school club children are those who sometimes care for themselves **They need the maturity and responsibility to do this they at risk of getting into trouble which is why the hours between 3 and 6 are the riskiest

Question 55

Part time employment

Answer 55

Kids with part time jobs can be beneficial if they're not working a ton of hours . - provides opportunity to gain skills and mentoring, and earnings are used appropriately Otherwise, it becomes a responsibility :

Question 56

Characteristic of successful school

Answer 56

orientation to academic excellence a safe and nurturing climate parent involvement progress is monitored ** academic achievement is determined by environment