Chapter 14 Genetics (Final)

Question 1

an organism that is homozygous for a particular trait, meaning it has two identical copies of the gene for that trait (consists of gene pairs with genes that are the SAME)

Answer 1

Purebred

Question 2

a gene or a component of a gene that influences a specific trait or characteristic (Ex. Each parent in the F1 generation starts with two hereditary of these. These
are either both dominant, both recessive, or a combination of
dominant or recessive.)

Answer 2

Factors

Question 3

a specific characteristic or feature of an organism that is determined by its genes and/or environmental factors

Answer 3

Trait

Question 4

the offspring resulting from the cross-breeding of individuals from the F1 generation. It represents the second set of offspring in a genetic breeding experiment, following the initial parental (P) and first filial (F1) generations.

Answer 4

F2 generation

Question 5

genes which are located on the same chromosomes are
linked to each other and usually do not segregate ( separate ) when inherited.
(genes located close to each other on the same chromosome, making them likely to be inherited together during meiosis)

Answer 5

Linked genes

Question 6

proteins produced by the immune system in response to the presence of antigens (foreign substances like bacteria or viruses). Their primary function is to bind to these antigens and neutralize or mark them for destruction by other immune cells.

Answer 6

Antibodies

Question 7

the failure of chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate properly during cell division (mitosis or meiosis). This results in daughter cells with an abnormal number of chromosomes, either too many or too few. Some genetic disorders caused by this are down syndrome, turner syndrome, and Klinefelter syndrome.

Answer 7

Nondisjunction

Question 8

an offspring resulting from the crossbreeding of two organisms that are genetically different, typically of different varieties, subspecies, or species.

Answer 8

Hybrid

Question 9

the observable characteristics or traits of an organism, resulting from the interaction of its genotype (genetic makeup) and the environment.

Answer 9

Phenotype

Question 10

the scientific study of genes, heredity, and genetic variation

Answer 10

Genetics

Question 11

a diagram used in genetics to predict the probability of different genotypes and phenotypes in the offspring of a cross

Answer 11

Punnet square

Question 12

Most genes have only two forms or alleles. However, some genes have more than two alleles. Human blood type is an example this. There are three alleles for human blood type ;
A —-> IA
B —-> IB
O —-> i

Answer 12

Multiple alleles

Question 13

a characteristic, such as height or skin color, that is influenced by two or more genes

Answer 13

Polygenic trait

Question 14

An organism which has one dominant allele and one recessive allele

Answer 14

Heterozygous

Question 15

the specific genetic makeup of an organism, particularly the set of alleles (versions of a gene) an individual carries.

Answer 15

Genotype

Question 16

the process by which traits or characteristics are passed from parents to offspring

Answer 16

Heredity

Question 17

a reproductive cell of an animal or plant (sex cells)

Answer 17

Gametes

Question 18

refers to a person with blood type O negative. This blood type is considered this because it can be transfused to individuals of any other blood type without causing a harmful immune reaction. This is due to the absence of A, B, or Rh antigens on the surface of their red blood cells.

Answer 18

Universal donor

Question 19

These certain genes work with other genes to control the
expression of a particular trait. In humans, these genes help control the trait of eye color. In this case,
these genes influence the level of melanin present in the human eye to provide a range of eye colors from blue to brown.

Answer 19

Modifier gene

Question 20

an individual inheriting the same version (allele) of a gene from both biological parents. This means both copies of a specific gene are identical. Individuals can have two dominant alleles (TT), or two recessive alleles (tt).

Answer 20

Homozygous

Question 21

a cross between two organisms with different variations at one genetic locus of interest. Only one trait was involved in this cross.
(the hybrid of two individuals with homozygous genotypes which result in the opposite phenotype for a certain genetic trait.” “The cross between two ———– traits (TT and tt) is called a ———– Cross.”

Answer 21

Monohybrid

Question 22

the original set of parents in a genetic cross.

Answer 22

P generation

Question 23

characteristics or conditions determined by genes located on the X chromosome (Ex. Genes which are located on the X chromosome are called this while those on the Y chromosome are called Y-linked. Most sex linked genes are located on the
X chromosome.)

Answer 23

X-linked traits

Question 24

an inherited protein found on the surface of red blood cells

Answer 24

RH factors

Question 25

a diagram that visually represents the inheritance of a trait or genetic condition within a family across multiple generations

Answer 25

Pedigree

Question 26

different versions of a gene that occupy the same locus (position) on a chromosome. The forms which a gene can occur in are called this.

Answer 26

Alleles

Question 27

an individual that is heterozygous for two different genes

Answer 27

Dihybrid

Question 28

the first set of offspring resulting from a cross between two parent organisms

Answer 28

F1 generation

Question 29

one of the numbered chromosomes, as opposed to the sex chromosomes. Humans have 22 pairs of these and one pair of sex chromosomes (XX or XY). These are numbered roughly in relation to their sizes.

Answer 29

Autosomes

Question 30

a molecule, often a protein or polysaccharide, that triggers an immune response in an organism. It's essentially a marker that the immune system recognizes as foreign, leading to the production of antibodies or other immune responses

Answer 30

Antigen

Question 31

an individual's complete set of chromosomes, typically visualized as a laboratory-produced image where chromosomes are arranged in pairs by size and shape

Answer 31

Karyotype

Question 32

considered the "father of genetics" for his groundbreaking work on inheritance patterns in pea plants. He established the fundamental laws of inheritance by studying how traits are passed down from one generation to the next. His work introduced concepts like dominant and recessive traits, segregation, and independent assortment.

Answer 32

Gregor Mendel

Question 33

Mendel proposed that traits are passed down through discrete units (now called genes) rather than a blending of parental traits.

Answer 33

Particulate Inheritance

Question 34

During gamete formation, the two alleles for each gene separate, so each gamete only carries one allele.

Answer 34

Law of Segregation

Question 35

Alleles of different genes segregate independently of one another during gamete formation.

Answer 35

Law of Independent Assortment Alleles of different genes segregate independently of one another during gamete formation.