Chapter 15

Question 1

what is respiration

Answer 1

process of bringing oxygen to all body cells and
carrying carbon dioxide in opposite direction

Question 2

secondary functions of respiration

Answer 2

voice production, body temperature regulation,
acid-base balance regulation, and sense of smell

Question 3

another name for larynx

Answer 3

voice box

Question 4

what is phonation

Answer 4

voice production

Question 5

what is the purpose of blood vessels lining nasal passages

Answer 5

⚪ inhaled air is warmed to
prevent hypothermia
⚪ panting increases evaporation
of fluids to cool circulating
blood

Question 6

how does respiratory system influence acid base balance

Answer 6

more CO2 in blood, lower pH of blood

Question 7

what is the normal pH of blood

Answer 7

7.35 - 7.45

Question 8

what is in the upper/ lower respiratory tract

Answer 8

upper: all structures outside the lungs
lower: all structures inside the lungs

Question 9

what is in the upper respiratory tract

Answer 9

⚫nostrils
⚫nasal passages
⚫pharynx
⚫larynx
⚫trachea

Question 10

another name for nostrils

Answer 10

nares

Question 11

midline of the nasal passages

Answer 11

septum

Question 12

what are the 3 passageways in the nasal passage

Answer 12

⚪ ventral nasal meatus
⚪middle nasal meatus
⚪ dorsal nasal meatus

Question 13

what type of cells are in the nasal passages

Answer 13

pseudostratified columnar
epithelium

Question 14

what is the purpose of the nasal passages

Answer 14

main function is to
condition inhaled air
⚪warming
⚪ humidifying
⚪ filtering

Question 15

what are the sinuses

Answer 15

ciliated
outpouchings of
the nasal
passages

Question 16

what are the 2 parts of the pharynx

Answer 16

⚪ nasopharynx (respiratory)
⚪ oropharynx (digestive)

Question 17

what is the pharynx

Answer 17

common passageway for
respiratory and digestive
systems

Question 18

another name for the larynx

Answer 18

voice box

Question 19

what are the parts of the larynx

Answer 19

⚪ epiglottis
⚪ artenoid cartilages
⚪ thyroid cartilage
⚪ cricoid cartilage

Question 20

what is the job of the epiglottis

Answer 20

covers larynx opening during
swallowing

Question 21

what is attached to the artenoid cartilages

Answer 21

vocal cords

Question 22

functions of the larynx

Answer 22

⚫part of the upper airway
⚫voice production
⚫prevention of inhalation of foreign matter
⚫control of airflow to and from the lungs

Question 23

what is the end of the trachea called

Answer 23

bifurcation of the trachea

Question 24

whats in the lower respiratory tract

Answer 24

⚫bronchi
⚫bronchioles
⚫alveolar ducts
⚫alveoli

Question 25

another name for lower respiratory tract

Answer 25

bronchial tree

Question 26

how does the ANS control diameter of bronchial tubes

Answer 26

bronchodilation, bronchoconstriction

Question 27

where does external respiration take place

Answer 27

in alveoli

Question 28

what are the alveoli lined with

Answer 28

a thin layer of fluid that contains a surfactant

Question 29

what is the area between the lungs called

Answer 29

mediastinum

Question 30

how many lobes for lungs

Answer 30

3 left, 4 right

Question 31

what is the hilus

Answer 31

small well defined area on medial side where air, lymph, blood and nerves enter/ leave the lung

Question 32

what is the thorax alternatively called

Answer 32

thoracic cavity, chest cavity

Question 33

what is in the thorax

Answer 33

lungs, heart, large blood vessels, nerves, trachea, esophagus, lymphatic vessels, and lymph nodes

Question 34

what are the characteristics of the diaphragm

Answer 34

⚫thin sheet of skeletal muscle ⚫forms caudal boundary of thorax ⚫acts as respiratory muscle

Question 35

what is negative intrathoracic pressure

Answer 35

1. partial vacuum exists within thorax ⚪ pulls lungs tightly out against thoracic wall 2. allows lungs to follow movements of thoracic wall and diaphragm ⚪ inspiration and expiration 3. aids in return of blood to the heart ⚪ veins have no muscular pump to facilitate process

Question 36

another name for inhalation

Answer 36

inspiration

Question 37

what are the main inspiratory muscles

Answer 37

diaphragm, external intercostal muscles

Question 38

another name for expiration

Answer 38

exhalation

Question 39

what are the main expiratory muscles

Answer 39

internal intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles

Question 40

what are the respiratory volumes

Answer 40

standardized terms for describing quantity of air involved in respiration - tidal volume - minute volume - residual volume

Question 41

where is breathing controlled

Answer 41

by area in medulla oblongata

Question 42

what does the mechanical control system for breathing operate through

Answer 42

stretch receptors in lungs

Question 43

describe the mechanical control system for breathing

Answer 43

⚪ nerve impulses sent to respiratory center indicate when lungs inflate to certain point ⚪muscle contractions that produce inspiration are stopped ⚪muscle contractions to produce expiration are initiated ⚪ another set of nerve impulses is sent when lungs deflate to a certain point ⚪ expiration is stopped; process of inspiration is begun

Question 44

what is monitored in the blood for breathing

Answer 44

- CO2 content - pH - O2 content

Question 45

how does CO2, pH variation in the blood control respiration

Answer 45

increased CO2 -> decreased pH triggers respiratory center to increase rate and depth of respiration

Question 46

what does falling O2 in blood trigger

Answer 46

1. slight hypoxia: respiratory center signaled to increase rate and depth of breathing 2. severe hypoxia: neurons of respiratory system become so depressed that impulses cannot be sent to respiratory muscles can cause breathing to decrease or stop completely