In which nervous system is acetylcholine found in
-it is found in both the CNS and the PNS
- in PNS
- > it transmits nerve impulses to muscles
- > it is mainly used by the parasympathetic nervous system but also the sympathetic one as well
- in CNS
- > it is used for arousal and attention
What is epinepherine, norepinepherine and dopamine classified as? What do they all play a role in?
- they are classified as monamines, catecholamines or biogenic amines
- > they all play a role in experiencing emotions
What is epinepherine and norepinepherine involved in? What are differences between them
- they are both involved in alertness and wakefulness
- norepinepherine is a more local level neurotrnamsitter
- epinepherine is secreted from adrenal medulla
- > can act on farther locations
What are low levels of norepinepherine associated with? What are high levels associated with
- low levels are associated with depression
- high levels are associated with mania/anxiety
What does dopamine play an important role in? Where is it located in high concentrations of
- dopamine plays an important role in movement and posture
- high concentrations are found in the basal ganglia
- > so it helps with smooth movements and maintain postural stability
Describe the role of dopamine in schizophrenia. Go into the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia.
- the hypothesis states:
- > schizophrenia results due to over sensitivity or too much dopamine in the brain
- > this results in delusions, hallucinations and agitation
How are Parkinson’s disease and dopamine related
- Parkinson’s is related to loss of dopaminergic neurons in the basal ganglia
- > leads to jerky movements
What is serotonin classified as? What does it play a role in?
- it is classified as a monoamine or biogenic amine
- it plays a role in sleep, eating, dreaming and mood
- > it also plays a role in depression and mania
What role does GABA play and how does it play its role
- it produces inhibitory post-synaptic post potentials
- > hyperpolarization of the post synaptic membrane
- this results in stabilization of neural activity in the brain
What is the role of glycine as a neurotransmitter? How does it act
- it is involved in the central nervous system
- increases chloride influx into the neuron
- > hyperpolarizes the POSTSYNAPTIC membrane
What is the role of glutamate as a neurotransmitter?
- it is an excitatory neurotransmitter
- that acts on the central nervous system
What are peptide neurotransmitters referred to as? How does it differ from that of regular neurotransmitters previously discussed?
- they are referred to as neuromodulators
- involved in more complicated chain of events in the postsynaptic cell
- > than that of regular neurotransmitters
- > therefore, they are slower than that of regular neurotransmitters
- > also have a longer effect
Provide an example of a neuro peptide that is produced in the brain
- examples include endorphins
- they are natural painkillers produced in the brain
- they are peptides
- actions similar to morphine or other opiods in the body
What systems does the hypothalamus link?
-it links the endocrine system(travels by blood) and the nervous system
How are the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland related
- they are related through the hypophyseal portal system
- > this connects the two organs
- > endocrine release of hormones into the hypophyseal portal system
What is the master gland? The anterior or posterior pituitary?
- the anterior pituitary is the master gland
- it regulates the endocrine activity of other glands
- > releases hormones that regulates the activity of other glands
- > controlled itself by the hypothalamus
What is the role of the adrenal cortex
- the adrenal cortex is involved in producing many hormones called corticosteroids
- > including the stress hormone CORTISOL
- also produces sex hormones
- > testosterone and estrogen
What are innate behaviours a result of
-they are a result of evolution
What is adaptive value defined as
- it is defined as the extent to which
- > a trait positively benefits a species
- > by influencing the evolutionary fitness of the species
-evolutionary fitness benefits then leads to natural
selection
What is the assumption of family studies? In what kind of studies have they been used
- that genetically related individuals are more similar genotypically than unrelated individuals
- > used in schizophrenia studies
What do twins studies compare? What is the assumption
- they compare concordance rates for a trait between monozygotic and dizygotic twins
- > able to distinguish the relative effects of shared environment and genetics
-concordance rate= likelihood that both twins exhibit the same trait
- assumption is that both MZ/DZ twins share the same environment
- > so differences is due to genetics
What are adoption studies used for? Who does this study compare?
- they are used for understanding environmental influences and genetic influences on behavior
- these studies compare the similarities between adoptive relatives and adopted child
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