Define project
An undertaking that has a beginning and an end and is carried out to meet established goals
What are the differences between projects and operations?
- Operations are ongoing, projects have a defined beginning and end
- Operations have resources used full time, projects have resources allocated specifically
- Operations usually follow functional structure, projects cut across functional lines
Define project management
Combination of systems, techniques and people used to control and monitor activities undertaken within the project
Projects are considered successful if they meet three specified objectives. What are they?
- Scope - the work that needs to be done
- Time - agreed date
- Cost - authorised spend
What are the challenges faced in projects?
- Teambuilding
- Expected problems - to be avoided by careful design
- Unexpected problems - mechanisms should be in place to enable these to be resolved quickly
- Delayed benefit - no benefit until work is finished, can cause strain
- Potential for conflict - several parties with different interests
What is an effective way to assess projects?
SAF
What are the pre-initiating tasks?
- Determination of objectives and constraints
- Selecting project manager
- Identifying project sponsor
What does the project manager do?
Takes responsibility for ensuring the desired result is achieved on time and within budget
What are the responsibilities of the project manager?
- Ensure resources used efficiently
- Keep management informed with timely communications
- Behave ethically
- Help new members integrate into team
What are the duties of the project manager?
- Detailed planning - budgeting, activity scheduling
- Obtain necessary resources
- Team building
- Communication
- Monitoring and control - against plan, take corrective measures
- Problem resolution
What does the project sponsor do?
Provides and is accountable for the resources invested into the project and is responsible for the achievement of the project’s objectives
What does the project owner do?
Review project plans and progress at regular intervals - hired if sponsor does not have capacity to provide supervision for the project manager
Define a business case
A key document for a project proposing a course of action to senior management for their consideration - it accounts why project is needed, what it will achieve and how it will proceed
What will a business case include?
- Description of current issues
- Analysis of costs and benefits including assumptions
- Impact of project on organisation
- Key risks and their significance
- Recommendations
What does the project initiation document (project charter) do?
Complements business case - gives authorisation for work to be done and resources used
What will a project initiation document include?
- Project title
- Purpose and objectives
- Start date and expected finish date
- Details of sponsor
- Authorisation by main stakeholders
- Budget info
- Scope
What are the categories that benefits can be classified into?
- Observable - measured by experience or judgement e.g. staff morale
- Measurable - area of performance that can be measured but not possible to quantify how much performance will increase as a result of change
- Quantifiable - level of benefit can be reliably forecast
- Financial - quantified benefits that have had a financial formula applied
What costs should be included as part of the project cost assessment?
- Purchase costs - hardware, software, consultancy, materials
- Internal systems development costs
- Infrastructure costs
- Costs of carrying out changes e.g. training, redundancy
- Ongoing costs - new ways of working
What techniques can be used for investment appraisal?
- ARR - average profits generated as % of average investment
- Payback period
- NPV - sum of discounted value of net cash flows
- IRR - discount rate that will produce NPV of 0
Define work breakdown structure
Analysis of the work required to complete project broken down into manageable components
Define project budget
Amount of resources allocated to a project
What does a Gantt chart show?
The deployment of resources over time
What does critical path analysis (network analysis) do?
Ensures progress of a project is completed in minimum amount of time
What does a resource histogram show?
A view of project data in which resource requirements, usage and availability are shown against a time scale
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Chapter 1 - Strategy, leadership and culture10
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Chapter 2 - Stakeholders and social responsibility26
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Chapter 3 - Impact of corporate governance on strategy27
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Chapter 4 - The external environment13
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Chapter 5 - Strategic capability14
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Chapter 6 - Competitive advantage and strategic choice32
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Chapter 7 - Assessing and managing risk22
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Chapter 8 - Internal control systems25
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Chapter 9 - Applying ethical principles18
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Chapter 10 - Financial analysis30
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Chapter 11 - Applications of IT20
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Chapter 12 - E-business23
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Chapter 13 - Enabling success and strategic change47
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Chapter 14 - Process redesign18
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Chapter 15 - Project management38
