Chapter 16 - Adaptive Immunity

Question 1

Adaptive Immunity

Answer 1

• body’s ability to recognize + defend itself fr distinct invaders+ their products
• ACQUIRED immunity bc they become activated (LYMPHOCYTE require exposure to the antigen for which they are specific)

Question 2

5 attributes of adaptive immunity

Answer 2

1 specificity; acquired immunity
2 inducibility
3 clonality
4 unresponsiveness to self
5 memory

Question 3

2 types of lymphocytes

Answer 3

B lymphocytes

T lymphocytes

Question 4

B lymphocytes

Answer 4

• arises + matures in red bone marrow
• found mostly in spleen, lymph nodes, + MALT
• small % circulate in blood
• effective at neutralizing exotoxins of bacteria
• MAJOR FUNCTION: SECRETION OF ANTIBODIES
• agglutination

Question 5

T lymphocytes

Answer 5

matures in thymus

Question 6

2 types of adaptive immune response

Answer 6

1 humoral immune response

2 cell-mediated immune response

Question 7

Hematopoiesis

Answer 7

process of the production, multiplication, and specialization of blood cells in the bone marrow

Question 8

Primary Lymphoid Organs

Answer 8

• red bone marrow

- thymus

Question 9

Secondary Lymphoid Organs

Answer 9

• lymphoid tissue of RT (BALT)
• lymphoid tissue of GI (GALT)
• Peyer’s Patch
• Appendix

Question 10

Antigens

Answer 10

antibody generator

Question 11

properties of antigens

Answer 11

• molecules the body recognize as foreign + worth of attack
• recognized by 3D regions called epitopes
• include various bacterial components as well as proteins of viruses, fungi, + protozoa
• food + dust can also contain antigenic particles

Question 12

3 types of Antigens

Answer 12

1 Exogenous Antigens
2 Endogenous Antigens
3 Autogenous Antigens

Question 13

Exogenous Antigens

Answer 13

• antigens that have entered the body from the outside

- via inhalation, ingestion, or injection

Question 14

Endogenous Antigens

Answer 14

• antigens that have been generated w/in previously normal cells bc of viral/intracellular bacterial infections
• if activated CD8 recognize them and cause lysis/apoptosis of infected cell

Question 15

Autogenous Antigens

Answer 15

-usually normal self proteins that is recognized by the immune system of patients suffering from an autoimmune disease

Question 16

B lymphocyte major function

Answer 16

secretion of antibodies

• when activated, B lymphocytes turn into Plasma cells
• plasma cells produce and secrete antibodies

Question 17

Antibodies

Answer 17

• aka immunoglobulin
• secreted by plasma cells
• contains antigen-binding site

Question 18

Plasma Cells

Answer 18

activated B cells

Question 19

Antibody Function

Answer 19

• antigen-binding sites are complementary to epitopes
• all functions are external to cell
• CANNOT penetrate cells + bind internal antigens (like viruses)

1 activation of complement + inflamation
2 neutralization (like toxins)
3 opsonization
4 killing of exogenous microbes by oxidation
5 antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC)

Question 20

5 Classes of Antibodies/Immunoglobulins (Ig)

Answer 20

IgG
IgA
IgE
IgM
IgD

Question 21

IgM

Answer 21

• first antibody produced

- pentameric/largest

Question 22

IgG

Answer 22

• most common + longest lasting

- can cross placenta

Question 23

IgA

Answer 23

• associated w body secretions
• dimer/trimer
• saliva, tears, intestinal + bronchial mucus, + breast milk

Question 24

IgE

Answer 24

involved in response to parasitic infections and allergies

Question 25

IgD

Answer 25

IgDumb | unknown functions

Question 26

Enzyme Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay | [ELISA]

Answer 26

-use of antibodies to detect antigens in the patient's serum ``` Direct ELISA (pregnancy test) Sandwich ELISA (antigen stuck bw 2 antibodies)(direct) Indirect ELISA (HIV test) ```

Question 27

3 types of T Lymphocytes

Answer 27

based on surface glycoproteins + characteristic functions 1 Cytotoxic T lymphocytes 2 Helper T lymphocytes 3 Regulatory T lymphocytes

Question 28

Cytotoxic T lymphocytes

Answer 28

directly kills other cells including virally infected cells

Question 29

Helper T lymphocytes

Answer 29

helps regulate the activities of B cells + cytotoxic T cells

Question 30

Regulatory T lymphocytes

Answer 30

represses adaptive immune responses

Question 31

Major Histocompatibility Complex [MHC]

Answer 31

- major histocompatibility antigens are glycoproteins found in the membranes of most cells of vertebrate animals - holds and positions antigenic determinants for presentation to T cells - antigens bind in the antigen-binding groove of MHC molecules

Question 32

2 classes of MHC

Answer 32

MHC I -cd8/cytoxic | MHC II -cd4/helper

Question 33

Establishment of Immunological Memory

Answer 33

- B+T cells have memory cells - BCR + TCR that are complementary to the antigenic determinants that triggered their production - initiate antibody production if antigen is encountered again in B memory cells - VACCINES

Question 34

Vaccines

Answer 34

killed or attenuated pathogens that are given to healthy persons in order to establish immunological memory

Question 35

2 types of Acquired Immunity

Answer 35

Naturally Acquired Artificially Acquired -further distinguished as either ACTIVE or PASSIVE

Question 36

Naturally Acquired Immunity

Answer 36

- response against antigens encountered in daily life - passive (placenta) - active (infection)

Question 37

Artificially Acquired

Answer 37

- response to antigens introduced via vaccine - passive (serotherapy) - active (vaccination)

Question 38

direct elisa is looking for ___ in patient's serum

Answer 38

ANTIGEN

Question 39

indirect elisa is looking for ____ in patient's serum

Answer 39

ANTIBODIES

Question 40

CD4+

Answer 40

helper T cells

Question 41

CD8+

Answer 41

cytotoxic T cells