Chapter 16: Endocrine System

Question 1

Study of hormones and endocrine organs

Answer 1

Endocrinology

Question 2

Endocrinology influences metabolic activities via _____ transported in blood

Answer 2

Hormones

Question 3

Have ducts (body surface)

Answer 3

Exocrine Glands

Question 4

No ducts (blood)

Answer 4

Endocrine Glands

Question 5

DNA → RNA

Answer 5

Transcription

Question 6

RNA → Protein

Answer 6

Translation

Question 7

Two main classes of hormones

Answer 7

Amino acid-based & steroids

Question 8

Second messengers (3)

Answer 8

1. cAMP
2. PIP2
3. cGMP

Question 9

Factors of target cell activation (3)

Answer 9

1. Number of receptors on or in target cell
2. Blood levels of hormone
3. Affinity between receptor and hormone

Question 10

As more accumulates, it slows the product

Answer 10

Negative feedback

Question 11

As more accumulates, it speeds up the product

Answer 11

Positive feedback

Question 12

Up regulation

Answer 12

Hormone ↓; Receptors ↑

Question 13

Down regulation

Answer 13

Hormone ↑; Receptors ↓

Question 14

One hormone can not do its effect without another hormone

Answer 14

Permissiveness

Question 15

One or more hormones work together towards the same effect

Answer 15

Synergism

Question 16

Hormones have opposite effect

Answer 16

Antagonism

Question 17

– Controlled by negative feedback systems

– Vary only within narrow, desirable range

Answer 17

Blood levels of hormones

Question 18

Endocrine glands synthesize and release

hormones in response to

Answer 18

– Neural stimuli
– Humoral stimuli
– Hormonal stimuli

Question 19

Neuron → Blood hormone

Answer 19

Neural

Question 20

Neuron → Blood → Gland → Hormone

Answer 20

Humoral

Question 21

Neuron → Hormone → Gland → Hormone → Gland → Hormone

Answer 21

Hormonal

Question 22

Pituitary gland also known as:

Answer 22

Hypophysis

Question 23

Pituitary gland (hypophysis) has two 
major lobes:

Answer 23

Posterior lobe (neurohypophysis, pars nervosa) & Anterior lobe 
(adenohypophysis, pars distalis)

Question 24

Posterior lobe of the pituitary gland is made up of

Answer 24

Neural tissue

Question 25

Anterior lobe of the pituitary gland is made up of

Answer 25

Glandular tissue

Question 26

Hormones of the posterior Pituitary

Answer 26

ADH (antidiuretic hormone | OXY (oxytocin)

Question 27

ADH (antidiuretic hormone)

Answer 27

prevents urine formation, regulates H2O balance, and targets kidneys Coffee & alcohol inhibit ADH

Question 28

OXY (oxytocin)

Answer 28

↑ smooth muscle contraction, milk let down, neurotransmitter in brain, "maternal behavior", social bonding, and "love"

Question 29

Anterior pituitary hormones

Answer 29

``` • Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) • Luteinizing hormone (LH) • Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) • Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) or thyrotropin • Prolactin (PRL) • Endorphins • Growth hormone (GH) ``` "FLAT PEG"

Question 30

Thyroid Hormone (TSH)

Answer 30

hypothalamus → TRH troponin → anterior pituitary → TSH → Blood → thyroid gland → thyroid hormone

Question 31

Growth Hormone (inhibited)

Answer 31

hypothalamus → GH RH → anterior pituitary → GH → bones/muscles

Question 32

GnRH - Gonadotroponin-RH (FSH, LH)

Answer 32

hypothalamus → Gn RH (FSH RH, LH RH) → anterior pituitary → GN (FSH, LH) → blood → target gonads → Females: FSH - egg; LH - ovulation Males: FSH - sperm; LH - testosterone

Question 33

Prolactin (PRL)

Answer 33

hypothalamus → PRL RH → anterior pituitary → PRL → blood → target

Question 34

Adrenocorticotroponin Hormone ( ACTH)

Answer 34

hypothalamus → ACTH LH → anterior piuitary → ACTH → blood → adrenal gland → hormones → blood

Question 35

The adrenal cortex has three layers of cortex that produce different corticosteroids

Answer 35

–Zona glomerulosa—mineralocorticoids –Zona fasciculata—glucocorticoids –Zona reticularis—gonadocorticoids

Question 36

Essential to life, electrolyte balance (Na, K)

Answer 36

Mineralcorticoids

Question 37

*Cortisol; cortisone; corticosterone; glucogenesis from fats and protein; brain needs glucose

Answer 37

Glucocorticoids

Question 38

Estrogen; testosterone; onset of puberty, secondary sex characteristics, sex drive in women, post-menopausal estrogen

Answer 38

Gonadocorticoids

Question 39

Chromaffin cells produce epinephrine and norepinephrine | Dopamine → NE → E

Answer 39

Medulla (Adrenal cortex)

Question 40

Has both exocrine and endocrine cells

Answer 40

Pancreas

Question 41

Exocrine and endocrine glands of the pancreas

Answer 41

–Acinar cells (exocrine) produce enzyme-rich juice for digestion –Pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans) contain endocrine cells Pancreatic islet

Question 42

* Alpha (α) cells produce glucagon (hyperglycemic hormone) | * Beta (β) cells produce insulin (hypoglycemic hormone)

Answer 42

Found in pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans)

Question 43

Produce steroid sex hormones

Answer 43

Gonads

Question 44

Produce estrogens and progesterone

Answer 44

Ovaries

Question 45

Secretes estrogens, progesterone, and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

Answer 45

Placenta