BIO 234 First Exam > chapter 17 > Flashcards

chapter 17 Flashcards

(58 cards)

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1
Q

Axons Leaving Olfactory Epithelium

A
  • collect into 20+ bundles
  • Generate cribriform plate of the ethmoid
  • Reach olfactory bulbs of the cerebrum where first synapse occurs
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2
Q

Axons Leaving Olfactory Bulb

A
  • Travel along olfactory tract to reach olfactory cortex, hypothalamus, and protons of limbic system
  • Arriving information reaches information centers without first synapsing thalamus
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3
Q

Taste buds are associated with ?

A
  • Associated with epithelial projections (lingual papillae(not taste buds)) on dorsal surface of tongue
  • 5 elements of taste perceptions:
    –sweet
    –salty
    –bitter
    –sour
    –umami
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4
Q

What are the 3 types of Lingual Papillae?

A
  1. Filiform papillae:
    –provide friction
    – do not contain taste buds
  2. Fungiform papillae:
    –contain 5 taste buds each
  3. Circumvallate papillae:
    – contain 100 taste buds each
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5
Q

Taste buds monitored by what cranial nerves?

A

CN V & IX

Monitored by cranial nerves that synapse within solitary nucleus of medulla oblongata then on to thalamus and primary sensory cortex

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6
Q

Taste Sensitivity

A

Exhibits significant individual differences
-Some conditions are inherited:
–ex. phenylthiocarbamide (PTC):
– 70% of Caucasians taste it but 30% do not

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6
Q

Taste Sensitivity

A

Exhibits significant individual differences
-Some conditions are inherited:
–ex. phenylthiocarbamide (PTC):
– 70% of Caucasians taste it but 30% do not

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7
Q

Accessory Structures of the Eye

A
  1. Eyelids
  2. Superficial epithelium of eye
  3. Structures associated with production, secretion, and removal of tears
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8
Q

Eyelids (Palpebrae)

A

-Continuation of skin
-Blinking keeps surface of eye lubricated, free of dust, and debris

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9
Q

what is medial Canthus and Lateral Canthus?

A

Its where two eyelids are connected

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10
Q

Lacrimal Caruncle

A

-Mass of soft tissue
- Contains glands producing thick secretions
- Contribute to gritty deposits that appear after good night’s sleep

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11
Q

Conjunctiva

A

Epithelium covering inner surfaces of eyelids and outer surface of eye

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12
Q

Conjunctivitis (pinkeye)

A

Results from damage of conjunctival surface

what are the two types?

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13
Q

What does the Lacrimal Apparatus do

A

Produces, distributes, and removes tears

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14
Q

What does the lacrimal gland (tear gland) contain

A

Secretions contain lysozyme, an antibacterial enzyme

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15
Q

Where do tears pass through and reaches what?

A

Passes through
- lacrimal puncta
- lacrimal canaliculi
- lacrimal sac
- nasolacrimal duct

  • reaches inferior meatus of nose
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16
Q

Eyeball

What separates the anterior from the posterior cavity?

A

is hollow
- divided into 2 cavities:
– large posterior cavity
– smaller anterior cavity

The lens separates the anterior form the posterior cavity

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17
Q

Orbital fat

A

cushions and insulates eye

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18
Q

Layers of the eye?

A
  1. Fibrous tunic(most superficial): Cornea and Sclera, limbus (border between cornea & sclera)
  2. Vascular Tunic(middle layer): Iris, Ciliary body (ciliary muscles included), and choroid
  3. Neural Tunic(deepest): Retina (contains photoreceptors..rods & cones)
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19
Q

What are the functions of Vascular Tunic (Uvea)?

A
  • Provides a route for blood vessels and lymphatics that supply tissues of the eye
  • Regulates amount of light entering eye
  • Secretes reabsorbs aqueous humor that circulates within chambers of eye
  • Controls shape of lens, which is essential for focusing
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20
Q

What does the Iris do?

A

Contains muscle fibers
Changes diameter of the pupil

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21
Q

Papillary Dilator Muscles

A

Enlarges pupil
Dilated eye contract = decreased light intensity & increased sympathetic stimulation

Constricted eye contract = increased light intensity & increased parasympathetic stimulation

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22
Q

Ciliary Body contains & function?

A

-Contains ciliary muscle and ciliary processes which attach to suspensory ligaments of lenses.

  • All function change the shape of the Lens which allow us to focus on far/near objects
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23
Q

Neural Tunic (retina)

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A

Most important for the structure of the eye
-Neural part and pigmented part
- Rods, cones are types of photoreceptors

24
Rods
- Do not discriminate light colors( they don't do a good job w/ color difference) - Highly sensitive to light - darker condition the more you see w/ rods
25
Cones
detailed color vision, best vision, sharpest, most detailed Provide color vision - densely clustered in fovea (in the region of the macula lutea), at center of macula lutea
26
Optic Disc
- Circular region just medial to fovea - Origin of optic nerve (blind spot) -The optic disc is white (in lab)
27
Anterior Cavity
Subdivided into: - anterior chamber --extends from cornea to iris - posterior chamber -- between iris, ciliary body, and lens
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Aqueous Humor
Fluid circulates within eye - diffuses through walls of anterior chamber into canal of schlemm - Reenters circulation -90% of water drains through canal of schlemm
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Intraocular Pressure Abnormally high intraocular pressure results in what pathology?
- when too much aqueous humor - fluid pressure in aqueous humor - helps retain eye shape - ? Glaucoma
30
what is cataract?
condition in which lens has lost its transparency
31
what's light refraction?
Bending of light by cornea and lens
32
what is accommodation?
-Shape of lens change to focus imagine on retina - changing shape (lens) to focus
33
Light passes through beginning of the eye. in what order?
1. Conjunctiva and cornea 2. anterior cavity to reach the lens 3. transits lens 4. posterior chamber 5. generates neural tissue of the retina 6. reach and stimulate photoreceptors
34
Where are cones most abundant at ?
fovea and macula lutea also, provide high-resolution color vision in brightly lit environments
35
what do rods do and dominate?
provide relatively low-resolution black-and-white vision in dimly lit environments rods dominate peripheral areas of retina
36
Visual Pathway begins and ends?
- begins at photoreceptors -ends at visual cortex of cerebral hemisphere - complicated pathway
37
What are the 3 areas of Ear?
1. external ear 2. middle ear 3. inner ear
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What does the external part of the ear contain?
- auricle - external acoustic canal - tympanic membrane
39
what does the auricle(pinna) do?
- Surrounds entrance to the external acoustic canal? - protects opening of the canal - provides directional sensitivity
40
Where does the external acoustic canal end?
Ends at tympanic membrane (eardrum)
41
what is tympanic membrane?
- is a thin, semitransparent sheet - separates the external ear from the middle ear - to increase sound waves due to vibration to hear better
42
Ceruminous glands are?
External ear - Integumentary glands along external acoustic canal - Secrete waxy material (cerumen): -- keeps foreign objects out of the tympanic membrane -- slows growth of microorganisms in external acoustic canal
43
Middle Ear
- Tympanic cavity - Communicates with nasopharynx via auditory tube - encloses and protects 3 auditory ossicles
44
3 Auditory Ossicles
1. Malleus 2. Incus 3. Staples
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What does vibration of Tympanic Membrane
- Convert arriving sound waves into mechanical movements - Auditory ossicles conduct vibrations to inner ear
46
What does tensor Tympani muscle do?
it stiffens tympanic membrane
47
What does the stapedius muscle do?
Reduces movement of stapes at oval window
48
What does the inner ear contain?
- Contains fluid endolymph and perilymph - Bony labyrinth surrounds and protects membranous labyrinth Subdivided into - vestibule (equilibrium) - semicircular canals (equilibrium) -cochlea (hearing only)
49
Vestibule
- Encloses saccule and urticle - Receptors provide sensations of gravity and linear acceleration
50
Semicircular Canals (rotational equilibrium)
- Contains semicircular ducts - Receptors stimulated by rotation of head
51
Stimuli and location
Sense of gravity and acceleration - from hair cells in vestibule Sense of rotation: - from semicircular canals Sense of sound: - from cochlea
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Auditory Ossicles
Convert pressure fluctuation in air into much greater pressure fluctuations in perilymph of cochlea
53
Auditory Ossicles
Frequency of sound: - determined by which part of the cochlear duct is stimulated Intensity (volume); - determined by the number of hair cells stimulated
54
Hearing process (Step 1-3)
1. Sound waves arrive at tympanic membrane 2. Movement of tympanic membrane causes displacement of auditory ossicles 3. Movement of the stapes at the oval window establishes pressure waves in the perilymph of the vestibular duct
55
Hearing process ( Steps 4-6)
4. The pressure waves distort the basilar membrane on their way to the round window of the tympanic duct 5. Vibration of the basilar membrane causes vibration of hair cells against the tectorial membrane. 6. Information about the region and the intensity of stimulation is relayed to the CNS over the cochlear branch of cranial nerve VIII.
56
Sound
- Consists of waves of pressure through air or water - It takes energy to produce sound waves - The amplitude or intensity of a sound wave determines how loud it seems, the greater the energy content, the larger the amplitude, the louder the sound - Sound energy is reported as decibels
57
Aging Effects
- Tympanic membrane gets less flexible - Articulations between ossicles stiffen - Round window may being to ossify
BIO 234 First Exam
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