Atlantic system became a web of trade routes that bound together __________, ______________, and _____________ became the hib of european expansion throughout the world
western europe, africa, and the americas
plantations
large tracts of land owned by colonial settlers, farmed by slave trade and produced staple crops
europeans imported ____________.
central south america, west indies imported _________
north america imported
precious metals
sugar
timber, fish, tobacco, furs
mestizo
a person born to a spanish father and a native mother
peninsular
those born in spain
creoles
born in america of spanish parents
to expand its trade in the rest of the world, europeans…
seized territories and tried to establish permanent settlements
consumer society: coffee houses
where people could meet socially and discuss buisness and politics
3 main reasons for the population expansion
- better weather produced bountiful harvests
- improved ag techniques
- the disappearance of the plague after 1720
by 1750 ______ is europes city
london
conspicious consumption
the consumption of luxury on a lavish scale in an attempt to enhance ones prestige
50 years of warfare 1700-1750 saw 3 main important devlopments
- a new power alignment rose - a coalation of power held france in check in the continent
- the british rise and the dutch decline
- russias emergence as a european power
strategic importance- bank of england
enabled the government to raise money at a low interest for foreign wars
_____________ russia had defeated sweden considered to be one of the worlds best militaries, and the vicotry overturned the view that russia was militarly incompentant
battle of prussia
peter the great
expanded the russia state into much larger empire, led a cultural revolution in russia to modernize them along western standards
peter introduces numerous reforms
- founded the russian academy of science
- replaced the russian calendar with the julian calendar
- adopted european fashions and banned beards for men and veils for women
- modernized the army and built a navy
___________ symbolized russias opening to the west
st. petersburg
Table of ranks
a formal list of positions and ranks in the military, government, and court of imperial russia. all social and material advantages now depended on serving the crown
what was the enlightenment
a cultural movement of intellectuals in 18th century europe and the american colonies
what was the purpose of the enlightenment
to reform society using reason
to advance knowledge through science
what did the enlightment oppose
superstition, intolerance, and some abuse by church and state
the central doctrine of the enlightenment philosophers were
idivudal liverty, and religuous tolerance
a significant criticism of the enlightenment was that its followers
subjected everything to criticism and challenged both political and religious authority
3 main reasons for immigration to the “new World”
economic, political, and religious freedom
