Which of the following is mismatched?
a. oncology: diagnosis and treatment of tumors
b. carcinoma: characteristic cell types found in benign tumors
c. mutation: changes in DNA involving substitutions, deletions, insertions, recombinations, and translocations
d. leukemia: cancer of the immune system affecting circulating cells
e. malignant transformation: gain of ability to form a cancer
b. carcinoma: characteristic cell types found in benign tumors
- Which of the following is mismatched?
a. tumor suppressor genes: mutated in over 50% of human cancer cases
b. HTLV-1: an RNA retrovirus associated with adult T-cell leukemia
c. Helicobacter pylori: bacterial infection associated with colon cancer
d. Sipuleucel-T cell vaccine: treatment for late-stage metastatic prostate cancer
e. cancer immunosurveillance: recognition and elimination of cancer cells by defense mechanisms
c. Helicobacter pylori: bacterial infection associated with colon cancer
- Mutagens that increase the predisposition of a person to developing cancer are called _____.
a. carcinogens
b. tumor antigens
c. neoplastic mutagens
d. oncogenes
e. proto-oncogenes
a. carcinogens
- Human papillomaviruses express proteins that bind to _____ and block its function.
a. MIC glycoproteins
b. p53 and Rb
c. CT antigens
d. TLR4
e. TLR2
b. p53 and Rb
- In domestic dogs and Tasmanian devils, successful passage and growth of tumors through copulation and biting, respectively, are attributed to _____.
a. absence of quiescent cancer stem cells in the tumor
b. limited MHC diversity between animals
c. repression of tumor-specific antigen expression
d. repression of tumor-associated antigen expression
e. lack of regulatory T cells
b. limited MHC diversity between animals
- _____ is/are commonly associated with the fusion between the BCR gene and the ABL proto-oncogene.
a. Non-small cell lung carcinoma
b. Bladder tumors
c. Melanoma
d. Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma
e. Chronic myelogenous leukemia
e. Chronic myelogenous leukemia
- Which of the following cell types in a tumor biopsy would not be associated with a promising prognosis?
a. B cells
b. memory T cells
c. TFH cells
d. regulatory T cells
e. cytotoxic T cells
d. regulatory T cells
- Adoptive transfer of Sipuleucel-T-primed dendritic cells is a form of immunotherapy currently used for the treatment of _____.
a. late-stage metastatic prostate cancer
b. multiple myeloma
c. chronic myelogenous leukemia
d. melanoma
e. cervical cancer
a. late-stage metastatic prostate cancer
- When the immune system is involved in _____, an appraisal for cancer cells is occurring.
a. malignant transformation
b. apoptosis
c. antineoplasia
d. immunosurveillance
e. immunosuppression
d. immunosurveillance
- A benign tumor of glandular tissue is known as a(n) _____.
a. sarcoma
b. myeloma
c. adenoma
d. adenocarcinoma
e. lymphoma
c. adenoma
- A malignant tumor is characterized by which of the following features?
a. encapsulation
b. localized
c. restricted in size
d. metastasizes to distant sites
e. results from single mutation affecting cell division or survival
d. metastasizes to distant sites
- _____ describes the condition in which a cell becomes able to cause cancer.
a. Malignant mutation
b. Malignant recombination
c. Malignant neoplasm
d. Malignant transformation
e. Malignant suppression
d. Malignant transformation
- A protein expressed in response to damage to DNA that results in death to the cell is _____.
a. Ras
b. p53
c. Rb
d. Abl
e. MAGEA1
b. p53
- Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV8) is associated with the development of _____ in immunocompromised patients.
a. Burkitt lymphoma
b. chronic myeloid leukemia
c. melanoma
d. myeloma
e. Kaposi sarcoma
e. Kaposi sarcoma
- Li-Fraumeni syndrome is linked to a greater risk of cancer as a result of the inheritance of a germline mutation in one copy of _____.
a. TLR-9
b. p53
c. CTLA4
d. heat-shock protein
e. Rb
b. p53
- Chemical and physical agents that increase mutation rates by damaging DNA and increase the likelihood of developing cancer are known as _____.
a. oncogenes
b. malignant transformers
c. antitumor suppressor agents
d. carcinogens
e. tumor-associated agents
d. carcinogens
- _____ agents usually cause single nucleotide substitutions in DNA, whereas _____ agents produce more significant damage to DNA.
a. mutagenic; carcinogenic
b. chemical; physical
c. benign; malignant
d. tumor-associated; tumor-specific
e. benign; oncogenic
b. chemical; physical
- Burkitt lymphoma is a tumor associated with _____ infection, which causes _____ to divide uncontrollably.
a. Epstein-Barr virus; B cells
b. hepatitis B virus; epithelial human T-cell
c. leukemia; hepatocytes
d. human herpesvirus; T cells
e. papillomavirus; uterine cells
a. Epstein-Barr virus; B cells
- Cancers develop their own blood supply and become vascularized through _____.
a. apoptosis
b. neoplasia
c. angiogenesis
d. metastasis
e. malignant transformation
c. angiogenesis
- Systemic distribution of cancer cells to other sites of the body through the bloodstream or lymph is a process known as _____.
a. apoptosis
b. neoplasia
c. angiogenesis
d. metastasis
e. malignant transformation
d. metastasis
- The efficacy of treating bladder cancer is increased by introducing the BCG vaccine. The vaccine component attributing this antitumor effect is _____, which induces a state of chronic inflammation.
a. mycelia acid
b. unmethylated CpG-containing DNA
c. lipopolysaccharide
d. teichoic acid
e. peptidoglycan
b. unmethylated CpG-containing DNA
- Proteins not expressed on normal cells but found on tumor cells are called _____.
a. cancer stem cell antigens
b. oncogenic antigens
c. tumor-associated antigens
d. tumor-specific antigens
e. proto-oncogene products
d. tumor-specific antigens
- A tumor-associated antigen normally expressed only in the testis is called a _____ antigen.
a. MIC
b. CT
c. male-specific
d. sex chromosome-encoded privileged
b. CT
- A mechanism by which cancer cells can evade an immune response involves an alteration in the amount of MIC on the cell surface by _____________.
a. decreasing the level of MIC transcription
b. cleavage of MIC at the cell surface by a protease
c. switching from a transmembrane form of MIC to a secreted form
d. cytosolic degradation of MIC in proteasomes
e. alternative mRNA splicing resulting in a truncated form of MIC that is no longer able to bind to NKG2D
b. cleavage of MIC at the cell surface by a protease
