Chapter 17- Immunization

Question 1

As a means of providing protection against pathogens not yet exposed a person can receive a _________, otherwise known as an immunization. The ________ that is administered is intended to be a ______ ______ of the pathogen so as to introduce the individual to specific foreign antigens/epitopes.

Answer 1

As a means of providing protection against pathogens not yet exposed a person can receive a VACCINATION, otherwise known as an immunization. The VACCINE that is administered is intended to be a harmless version of the pathogen so as to introduce the individual to specific foreign antigens/epitopes.

Question 2

What’s the goal of vaccines?

Answer 2

To provide the individual with memory cells against that epitope

Question 3

What can measure the effectiveness of a vaccine?

Answer 3

A titer

Question 4

Titer:
- measures _______ ______in blood serum for a specific ______
- serum being tested is serially diluted and tested for _________ activity
- ______ dilution of serum gives a positive reaction to the titer

Answer 4

• measures antibody levels in blood serum for a specific antigen
• serum being tested is serially diluted and tested for agglutinating activity
• highest dilution of serum gives a positive reaction to the titer

Question 5

Should the titer be low, the individual can receive a ______ ______ to raise the level to that which will be protective.

Answer 5

booster vaccination

Question 6

Basically, the titer is a reflection of _______ The actual antibody level is generally not protective against infection but instead represents the presence of ______ ______

Answer 6

Basically, the titer is a reflection of protection. The actual antibody level is generally not protective against infection but instead represents the presence of memory cells.

Question 7

5 types of vaccines

Answer 7

Attenuated
Inactivated
Toxoid
Subunit
mRNA

Question 8

Attenuated vaccine

Answer 8

• modified live
• uses pathogens with reduced virulence
• ex: measles, chicken pox

Question 9

Inactivated vaccine

Answer 9

• killed
• often contains adjuvants (chemicals added to increase antigenicity)
• ex: rabies, polio

Question 10

Toxoid vaccine

Answer 10

• chemically/thermally modded toxins to stimulate active immunity
• most useful for some bacterial diseases with exotoxins
• ex: tetanus

Question 11

What do toxoids work against?

Answer 11

exotoxins (not attacking epitopes like others)

Question 12

Subunit vaccine

Answer 12

• Only a portion of microbe is used in vaccine
• ex: whooping cough, HPV

Question 13

mRNA vaccine

Answer 13

• Only a portion of mRNA is used in vaccine
  ex: covid

Question 14

There are inherent risks associated with immunization. The attenuated vaccines can potentially cause disease in the individual receiving the vaccination since the pathogen is still alive and capable of reproducing. This is not the case for the inactivated vaccines however the use of an ______ in the vaccine can potentially lead to allergic reactions. In severe allergic reactions anaphylaxis is possible.

Answer 14

adjuvant