Chapter 17 - Specific Immunity

Question 1

The third line of defense is ________

Answer 1

Acquired

Question 2

Due to dual system of B and T lymphocytes

Answer 2

Third line of defense

Question 3

Distinction between PAMPs and antigens

Answer 3

Antigen

Question 4

What are two features that characterize specific immunity?

Answer 4

• Specificity

- Memory

Question 5

What are the T cells involved in cell mediated immunity called?

Answer 5

Helper and killer T cells

Question 6

Antibody mediated immunity

Answer 6

B cells

Question 7

Fight infection

Answer 7

Plasma B cells

Question 8

Remembers

Answer 8

Memory B cells

Question 9

What are the major functions of cell receptors?

Answer 9

1. To perceive and attach to nonself or foreign molecules
2. To promote the recognition of self molecules
3. To receive and transmit chemical messages among other cells of the system
4. To aid in cellular development

Question 10

• Receptors found on all cells except RBCs

- Plays role in recognition of self

Answer 10

Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)

Question 11

Genes for MHC clustered in a multigene complex are either:

Answer 11

• Class I

- Class II

Question 12

• Role in surveillance and recognition
• B-cell receptors
• T-cell receptors
• Clonal Selection Theory

Answer 12

Lymphocyte receptors

Question 13

Memory cells are stored in the _________ ______

Answer 13

Lymphatic system

Question 14

• Formed by genetic recombination, with variable and constant regions
• 2 parallel polypeptide chains
• Small, not secreted

Answer 14

T-Cell receptors for antigen

Question 15

• Bone marrow and stromal cells
• Distinct B cells
• Antigens
• Immunoglobin

Answer 15

B-cell maturation

Question 16

• Thymus gland
• T-cell receptors
  
  • CD4 and CD8
• Mature T cells migrate to lymphoid organs

Answer 16

T-cell maturation

Question 17

What does Ag stand for?

Answer 17

Antigen

Question 18

Foreigness, size, shape, and accessibility

Answer 18

Antigenicity

Question 19

• Perceived as foreign
• Foreign cells and large complex molecules
• Antigenic determinants
  
  • Epitope

Answer 19

Antigens

Question 20

Small foreign, molecules that consist only of a determinant group
- Not antigenic unless attached to a larger carrier

Answer 20

Haptens

Question 21

What are the special categories of antigens?

Answer 21

• Alloantigens
• Superantigens
• Allergen
• Autoantigens

Question 22

What are the five classes of immunoglobulins (Ig)?

Answer 22

1. IgG
2. IgA
3. IgM
4. IgD
5. IgE

Question 23

Produces IgM and IgG

Answer 23

Primary response

Question 24

Anamnestic response

Answer 24

Secondary response

Question 25

- Act directly against Ag and foreign cells | - Secrete ctokines

Answer 25

T cells

Question 26

Sensitized T cells are:

Answer 26

Cell mediated immunity

Question 27

What are the three types of T cells?

Answer 27

1. T helper cells (CD4 or T^H) 2. Cytotoxic T cells (CD8 or T^c) 3. Natural killer cells

Question 28

- Reaction has drastic consequences - Superantigens are a form of a virulence factor - Provoke overwhelming immune responses by large numbers of T cells

Answer 28

T cells and superantigens

Question 29

What overwhelming immune responses by large numbers of T cells are provoked by T cells and superantigens?

Answer 29

- Release of cytokines - Blood vessel damage - Toxic shock - Multiorgan damage

Question 30

Immune serum globulin (ISG), gamma globulin, contains immunoglobulin extracted from pooled blood; immunotherapy

Answer 30

Passive immunity

Question 31

Deliberately exposing a person to material that is antigenic but not pathogenic

Answer 31

Artificial active immunity (Vaccination)

Question 32

Stimulate a primary and secondary anamnestic response

Answer 32

Principal of vaccination

Question 33

Response to a future exposure will be immediate, powerful, and sustained

Answer 33

Vaccination

Question 34

Most vaccines are prepared from:

Answer 34

1. Killed whole cells or inactivated viruses 2. Live, attenuated cells or viruses 3. Antigenic molecules derived from bacterial cells or viruses 4. Genetically engineered microbes or microbial agents

Question 35

- Cultivate and kill but do not destroy antigenicity | - Often require a larger dose and more boosters to be effective

Answer 35

Killed or inactivated vaccines

Question 36

Lessens or negates the virulence of viruses or bacteria

Answer 36

Live attenuated cells or viruses

Question 37

Acellular or subcellular vaccines (subunit-if a virus)

Answer 37

Antigenic molecules

Question 38

Exact antigenic determinants can be used when known:

Answer 38

- Capsules- pneumococcus, menigococcus - Surface protein- anthrax, hepatitis B - Exotoxins- diphtheria, tetanus

Question 39

_______ can be taken from cultures, produced by genetic engineering, or synthesized

Answer 39

Antigen

Question 40

Insert genes for pathogen's antigen into plasmid vector, and clone them in an appropriate host

Answer 40

Genetically engineered vaccines

Question 41

Experimental vaccines for AIDS, herpes simplex 2, leprosy, tuberclosis

Answer 41

"Trojan horse" vaccine

Question 42

Experimental vaccines for Lyme disease, hepatitis C, herpes simplex, influenza, tuberculous, malaria

Answer 42

DNA vaccines

Question 43

Most vaccines are administered by _________; few oral, nasal

Answer 43

Injection

Question 44

Some vaccines require adjuvant to _______ ____________ and prolong retention of antigen

Answer 44

Enhance immunogenicity

Question 45

There are _________ requirements for development of vaccines

Answer 45

Stringent

Question 46

There are more ________ than ____ to vaccines

Answer 46

Benefits than risk

Question 47

Possible side effects of a vaccine include:

Answer 47

Local reaction at injection site, fever, allergies; rarely back-mutation to a virulent strain, neurological effects