Chapter 18 Economic Development

Question 1

What are the three health indicators

Answer 1

• Life expactancy at birth
• Infant mortality
• Maternal mortality

Question 2

What are the two eduation indicatiors

Answer 2

• Adult literacy rate
• Primary school enrolment measures

Question 3

List some economic ineqaulity indicators.

Answer 3

• Lorenz curve
• Gini coefficient
• Poverty lines
• Multidimensional poverty index

Question 4

List some energy indicators

Answer 4

• Renewable energy consumption
• Electric power consumption

Question 5

List some envionmental indicators

Answer 5

• CO2 emissions per unit of GDP
• Measures of intensity of water use

Question 6

What does The Human Development Index measure? (HDI)
How is this composite index being expressed?

Answer 6

• Health (life expectancy at birth)
• Education (mean years of schooling and expected years of schooling)
• Living standards (GNI per capita)

Expressed in the average over the above 3 dimensions, with each dimension being expressed as a value from 0 to 1.

Question 7

What is Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI)?

Answer 7

• Each dimension in HDI is adjusted for inequality
• If there were perfect equality in income, health and education, the IHDI would be exactly equal to HDI.

Question 8

What does Gender Inequality Index measure?

Answer 8

Women
* Reproductive health
* Empowerment
* Labour market participation

Question 9

What does Happy Planet Index consider?

Answer 9

• Life expectancy
• Inequalities
• Ecological footprint

It is the only indicator that is adjusted for unsustainable resource use.

Question 10

Evaluate the measurements of economic development

Answer 10

Weaknesses of measuring economic development:
* Economic development is a multidimensional process -> it cannot be accurately measured by any one measure
* Each indicator can only capture one part or some parts of development -> use many indicators to obtain an overall picture of development (cannot rely on only one indicator)
* Since the indicators measure many different aspects of development, they often present conflicting results
* Subject to limitations due to statistics:
1. No access to most recent data
2. Data are not fully reliable
3. Some countries have limited capacity for collection of data
4. Varied definitions of variables and methods to collect data