Chapter 18 Nutritional Issues

Question 1

What is diet? What are fad diets?

Answer 1

• food take in on daily basis

- fad diet = they come and go

Question 2

The DASH diet aims to reduce ___ (mineral). It involves consuming ___ (3). It aims to reduce ____ to ___% a day (1). This lowers the risk for ____ (3 diseases). Is there risk for hyponatremia? In conclusion, ___.

Answer 2

-Lower sodium
-Consume a variety of whole grains
and high-fiber fruits and vegetables, heart-healthy fish and lean meats
-Limit the use of saturated fats (< 7 percent of total calories)
-lowers cancer, heart disease, diabetes
-risk for hyponatremia only if you extremely lower Na diet which is hard to do → like no cons

Question 3

What is gluten free diet? Where is gluten found? (3) What is the pro? (2) What are the cons? (2)

Answer 3

• avoid protein gluten
• found in wheat, barley, and rye (so most bread products)
• pros: reduces symptoms of gluten diet (diarrhea, constipation, celiac disease that produces antibodies to attack gluten)
• cons: minerals & vitamins (iron, riboflavin, folic acid) not taken in so risk of nutrient deficiency
• also gluten free products more expensive (economical impact)

Question 4

What is the low carb diet? What are 2 examples? What is a pro? What are the cons? (4)

Answer 4

• limit carbs & eat veg/dairy/etc as want
• Examples are Atkins and South Beach
• pro: limit sugar
• con: limit whole grain product, not very evidenced based diet, high protein/fat consumption, less glucose to brain (not at full capacity)

Question 5

What is the macrobiotic diet? What are yin foods? (3) What are yang foods? (3) What are the pros? (3) What is a con?

Answer 5

• Balance of yin (90%) and yang (10%) foods
• Yin foods are thought to be sweet, cold, and passive (bland)
• Yang foods are considered to be salty, hot, and aggressive (flavorful)
• pros: yin food high in fiber, low in fat, limit processed food
• cons: omit lots of food items so nutrient deficiency

Question 6

What is the Mediterranean diet? (4) What are the pros? (5) What are the cons? (2)

Answer 6

Focus on plant-derived foods
Eat fish and poultry often
Limit red meat
Red wine in moderation
(well-balanced diet + wine).

• pro: decrease heart disease, cancer, limit processed foods, lower Na intake, poly/monounsat fat from fish & olive oils
• con: no serving amount recommended (some items high calories) & wine not good for people with GI issues

Question 7

What do you consume in a raw food diet? (5) What is convinient about them? What is a pro? (1) What are the cons? (2)

Answer 7

• Consume whole grains, nuts and seeds, unprocessed fruits and vegetables
• Very little prep needed

-pros: focus on nutritiously rich food

• con: not evidence based, and restrictive
  (ex. no pasteurized/processed foods (more food borne illnesses))

Question 8

What are vegetarian and vegan diets? What are the pros? (3) What are the cons? (3)

Answer 8

• vegan = no animal related like eggs, dairy (strict vegetarian)
• vegetarian can consume eggs, milk

-pros: decrease risk type 2 diabetes, heart disease, cancer
(but is the decrease in disease risk due to vegetarianism or because they are more health conscious?)

-cons: nutrient deficiencies (supplements required), fibers interfere with nutrient absorption, protein (essential aa) deficiency

Question 9

What is Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)? What happens? What does it cause? When acid goes down and reaches the sphincter, what is induced? How can you prevent this disease? (5)

Answer 9

• reflux disease
• sphincter band of smooth muscle that presents acid from going to esophagus. but these ppls dont close entirely → cause esophogeal ulcers (tears)
• when acid goes down and reaches the sphincter, induces vomitting
• avoid getting it by avoiding acidic substance (soda, alcohol, chocolate, tomatoes) & alcohol & caffeine

Question 10

What is irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)? What is the cause? What is it associated with? In which gender is it more prevalent in?

Answer 10

• Muscle spasms in the colon that result in abdominal pain, bloating, constipation, and/or diarrhea.
• dont know cause, just associated w/malnutrition (those w/eating disorders)
• more women because more eating disorders

Question 11

What is Diverticulitis? What does it trap and increase risk for? (2) How can it be prevented? (2)

True or false
Diverticulitis when diverticulosis become inflamed. It is really painful

Answer 11

• swelling inside LI
• traps feces & bacteria & put body as risk for infections/inflammation
• prevent by taking fiber, probiotics (promote formation of healthy bac that destroys the harmful bac)

Question 12

What is Diabetes Mellitus also called?

Answer 12

sweet urine

Question 13

What is gestational diabetes? What are they likely to develop in the future?

Answer 13

• dev during pregnancy, ends couple weeks after labor

- women have it likely to develop type 2 diabetes

Question 14

What is type 1 diabetes? What do people with type 1 diabetes need? What is the cause?

Answer 14

• autoimmune disease where pancreas inflamed and beta cells get destroyed
• need insulin injections
• dont know cause

Question 15

Type 2 diabetes. What are the 3 mechanisms? What is it strongly correlated with? What is a significant risk factor? Why?

Answer 15

1. insulin resistance = produce insulin but cells dont recognize insulin
2. insulin insensitivity = insulin binds to receptor but no response
3. pancrease overwhelmed and does not produce insulin

• strong correlation to lifestyle
• overweight/obese increases risk (constant state of inflammation)

Question 15

What are the 2 different kinds of diseases? What is the difference?

Answer 15

Infectious vs. chronic
Infectious is more acute, rapid on-set
Chronic can take years to develop

Question 16

What is health?

Answer 16

state of mental, physiological, and social well-being

Question 17

What are the top 2 diseases in the US?

Answer 17

heart disease & cancer

Question 18

What is a risk factor? What is it not?

Answer 18

factor that puts you at risk/increase for a disease (do not cause but strong correlation)

Question 19

Wha are the 7 risk factors to chronic disease?

Answer 19

• Genetics
• Family history of certain disease(s)
• Age (Risk increases with age)
• Activity level (Screen time/Sedentary jobs)
• Dietary behavior (Saturated fat, trans fat, cholesterol, added sugar, sodium)
• Environmental factors (pollution, smoke)
• OBESITY

Question 20

True or false

it is important to do annual checkups to estimate ur health (and risk)

Answer 20

true

Question 21

Visceral vs. subcutaneous fat (which is worse?) Why? (2)

Answer 21

• visceral (around the organs = central obesity) worse
• impedes action of the organs
• constant state of inflammation (no time to relax)

Question 22

true or false

Central obesity increases risk of death from all causes

Answer 22

true

Question 23

true or false

Extreme obesity equals the risk of death from smoking

Answer 23

true

Question 24

Most men have ___ shape fat distribution and femals have ___ shape. Which shape do we want?

Answer 24

- most men have android, females have gynoid shape | - want gynoid shape (away from organs

Question 25

When do you have metabolic syndrome? What are symptoms? (4)

Answer 25

- waist greater than 35/40 = have metabolic syndrome | - elevated bp, elevated blood glucose, increase triglyceride, blood LDL cholesterol

Question 26

What is cadiovascular disease? This includes these 2 specific diseases.

Answer 26

- Disease of heart and blood vessels | - This includes Atherosclerosis and Hypertension

Question 27

true or false Heart is one of the least regenerative organs.

Answer 27

true

Question 28

Cardiovascular diseases have a strong link to ___ & ___ behavior.

Answer 28

Strong link to dietary behavior (high intake of saturated and trans fat and high cholesterol levels) and sedentary behavior

Question 29

When cardiac muscl damaged, not heart tissue but ___ tissue replaces, causing the organ to be inefficient.

Answer 29

connective tissue (scar tissue)

Question 30

What can happen to hearts?

Answer 30

- overworking can make the heart flabby or tough | - hardening of arteries take place at branch points (fat/clots like to accumulate here)

Question 31

What are nonmodifiable (3) and modifiable risk factors (1) to developing cardiovascular disease?

Answer 31

- nonmodifieable: age, sex (males more at risk until females go thru menopause then femles more at risk), genetics - modifiable: type 2 diabetes

Question 32

What is ATHEROSCLEROSIS? What determines how much takes place? (2) What increases ATHEROSCLEROSIS risk (2)

Answer 32

- Hardening of the arteries - hi trans fat/LDL, sedentary - high blood triglycerides, low HDL

Question 33

True or false Everyone has signs of atherosclerosis

Answer 33

true | Start developing atherosclerosis in late teenage years, but how it progresses is up to you!

Question 34

What is the mechanism of ATHEROSCLEROSIS? (4 steps)

Answer 34

1. HDL takes fat to tissue for use as energy. whats bad is lots of LDL or trans fat attaches to HDL so cannot be delivered to tissues 2. oxidized LDL free radical & burries itself in blood vessel 3. body sends macrophages to destroy it but turns into a foam cell (useless macrophage cell) which turns into a clot 4. Ca, Mg, P moving in blood held up by foam cells & deposit there (mineralization)

Question 35

ATHEROSCLEROSIS What is - stationary clot - clot that travels and can become stuck

Answer 35

Thrombus (thrombosis) – stationary clot | Embolus (embolism)

Question 36

What can thrombosis (ATHEROSCLEROSIS) cause? (2)

Answer 36

- can decrease blood to/from heart can lead to heart attack | - can cause strokes

Question 37

What is shown to reduced blood clot development?

Answer 37

Omega-3 fatty acids

Question 38

increase pressure behind a clot makes it pop, causes internal bleeding

Answer 38

aneurysm

Question 39

What is hypertension? What is systolic and diastolic pressure? What is the goal numbers for each?

Answer 39

- high bp - systolic pressure = Pressure created as heart (ventricles) contract (goal 120mmHg) - diastolic pressure = Pressure created as heart (ventricles) Relax (80 mmHg)

Question 40

True or flase bp needs to be collected multiple times over time

Answer 40

true

Question 41

Wha is cardiac output? What increases blood pressure/hypertension risk? (5) What is the biggest factor contributing to high bp?

Answer 41

-Heart rate x stroke volume = amt of blood ejected by heart per min - the more blood ejected from heart, more blood in blood vessels - the longer the blood vessel, more time it has to get in contact with something and get stuck - taller individual (increased resistance) - viscosity thicker the harder to move - constriction (increase resistance/pressure) BIGGEST FACTOR

Question 42

Which 2 organ systems control hypertension (bp)?

Answer 42

nerv and endocrine system controls homeostasis

Question 43

This race have more risk of developing hypertension than this race

Answer 43

african americans more at risk than caucasian americans

Question 44

What is the 2nd leading cause of death in the US?

Answer 44

cancer

Question 45

Cancer is a disease of ___ (cell proliferation/replication/division). Mutated cells do not undergo ___. Mutation occurs at the ___ level. Mutation is caused by ___. They replicate uncontrollably and take over ___ and create ___.

Answer 45

``` mitotic phase apoptosis (uncontrolled replication) genetic (DNA) free radicals (carcinogen) mass of abnormal tissue ```

Question 46

What are the risk factors of cancer? (6) What types of cancers? What decreases the risk? (3)

Answer 46

Increase - obesity (all cancers) - alcohol (in mouth, throat, esophagus, colon, liver, breast cancers) - trans/sat fat - charred red meat - preservatives like nitrate in meat - age risk factor because chronic disease (but children can have it) decrease - PA - fiber rich food (colorectal cancer) - antioxidant vitamins & minerals

Question 47

What are the 3 different types of eating disorders?

Answer 47

anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, binge eating disorder

Question 48

What is anorexia nervosa? What does it do to the body? Does it cause death?

Answer 48

- self-starvation - nutrient deficiency so body slows down all chemical reactions, shuts down organs if left untreated - yes

Question 49

True or false bulimia nervosa is More prevalent than anorexia nervosa

Answer 49

true

Question 50

What is bulimia nervosa?

Answer 50

Binge eating and purging (self-induced vomiting/diarrhea due to guilt)

Question 51

What is binge eating disorder? What emotion is associated with it?

Answer 51

Binge eat, but do not purge | Extreme guilt → may cause self-infliction

Question 52

What is a cause for eating disorders? (2)

Answer 52

- Societal pressure for thinness (or bulkiness in men) | - Unrealistic media ideals (often backed by huge media production companies & money)

Question 53

What is the female triad? What population does it usually affect? (2)

Answer 53

- eating disorder causes amenorrhea (lack of hormones/no period) and osteoporosis - often in gymnasts and dancers

Question 54

How can eating disorders be prevented? (4)

Answer 54

increase PA, positive eating behavior, have positive body image, talk thru

Question 55

What is CAM? What is the principle behind it? What kinds of activities does it include? What is the problem with CAM? Why? What does aloe help with? Cinnamon? Ginger?

Answer 55

- Complementary and alternative medicine - PA, dietary behavior, lifestyle change should be done over pharmaceutical drugs - herbal medicine & accupuncture - Lack of knowledge → due to lack of funding bc most research comes from pharmaceutical companies - aloe helps with burns - cinnamon increase activity of insulin - ginger GI tract issues

Question 56

What is nutritional genomics?

Answer 56

how nutrition affect our DNA

Question 57

What is nutrigenomics and nutrigenetics?

Answer 57

Nutrigenomics - food affects genes (gene expression an dmutation) ex. vitamin A causes replication of DNA Nutrigenetics - genes influence nutrients (nutrient absorption, use, tolerance) ex. lactose intolerant people cant break down lactose