Chapter 1A - Reverse edition

Question 1

Definition

to enact

/ɪˈnækt/

• legislation enacted by parliament*
• European states have enacted tough economic sanctions on Iran.*

Answer 1

to pass a law

Question 2

Definition

to oust

/aʊst/

oust sb. (as sth.) : He was ousted as chairman.

oust sb. (from sth.) : The rebels finally managed to oust the government from power.

Answer 2

to force sb. out of a job or position of power, especially in order to take their place

Question 3

Definition

to convey

/kənˈveɪ/

• Colours like red convey a sense of energy and strength.*
  (formal) Please convey my apologies to your wife.

Answer 3

to make ideas, feelings, etc. known to sb.

Question 4

Definition

merely

/ˈmɪəli/

It is not merely a job, but a way of life.

Answer 4

used meaning ‘only’ or ‘simply’ to emphasize a fact or sth. that you are saying

Question 5

Definition

[no passive] to underlie sth.

/ˌʌndəˈlaɪ/

It is a principle that underlies all the party’s policies.

Answer 5

(formal) to be the basis or cause of sth.

Question 6

Definition

to bear/take the brunt of sth.

/brʌnt/

Syrian citizens are bearing the brunt of the violence.

Answer 6

to receive the main force of sth. unpleasant

Question 7

Definition

elusive

/iˈluːsɪv/

• Eric, as elusive as ever, was nowhere to be found.*
• the elusive concept of ‘literature’*

Answer 7

difficult to find, define or achieve

Question 8

Definition

far-reaching

/ˌfɑː ˈriːtʃɪŋ/

The decision by the European Court will have far-reaching consequences.

Answer 8

likely to have a lot of influence or many effects

Question 9

Definition

to scorn (s.o./sth.)

/skɔːn/

• His brother had always scorned him.*
• She scorned their views as old-fashioned.*

Answer 9

to feel or show that you think sb./sth. is stupid and you do not respect them or it

Question 10

Definition

[usually passive] to outvote

/ˌaʊtˈvəʊt/

His proposal was outvoted by 10 votes to 8.

Answer 10

to defeat sb./sth. by winning a larger number of votes

Question 11

Definition

the Government

/ˈɡʌvənmənt/

abbreviation : govt

She has resigned from the Government.

Answer 11

the group of people who are responsible for controlling a country or a state

abbreviation : ?

Question 12

Definition

surveillance

/sərˈveɪləns/

The police are keeping the suspects under constant surveillance.

Answer 12

the act of carefully watching a person suspected of a crime or a place where a crime may be committed

Question 13

Definition

to acknowledge

/əkˈnɒlɪdʒ/

• Are you prepared to acknowledge your responsibility?*
• a generally acknowledged fact*

Answer 13

to accept that sth. is true

Question 14

Definition

to compel

/kəmˈpel/

The law can compel fathers to make regular payments for their children.

Answer 14

to force sb. to do sth.; to make sth. necessary

Question 15

Definition

coercion

/kəʊˈɜːʃn/

He claimed he had only acted under coercion.

Answer 15

(formal) the action of making sb. do sth. that they do not want to do, using force or threatening to use force

Question 16

Definition

power

/ˈpaʊə(r)/

Answer 16

the ability of an actor to achieve its goals

Question 17

Definition

crisis

/ˈkraɪsɪs/

plur. : crises

/ˈkraɪsiːz/

• The fever has passed its crisis.*
• Their marriage has reached crisis point.*

Answer 17

a time when a problem, a bad situation or an illness is at its worst point

plural : ?

Question 18

Definition

a commonality

/kɒməˈnalɪti/

pl. : commonalities

A commonality between all of the studies reviewed, is the propensity for street gangs to be involved with drugs.

Answer 18

the fact of sharing features or qualities

plural : ?

Question 19

Definition

[uncountable, count.] climate

/ˈklaɪmət/

a mild/temperate/warm/wet climate

Answer 19

the regular pattern of weather conditions of a particular place

Question 20

Definition

to shift (from… to/towards/toward…)

/ʃɪft/

• Public attitudes towards marriage have shifted over the past 50 years.*
• The balance of power shifted away from workers towards employers.*
• Her sympathies gradually shifted to the side of the protesters.*

Answer 20

(of a situation, an opinion, a policy etc.) to change from one state, position, etc. to another

Question 21

Definition

grievance

/ˈɡriːvəns/

Parents were invited to air (=express) their grievances at the meeting.

Answer 21

sth. that you think is unfair and that you complain or protest about

Question 22

Definition

a criterion

/kraɪˈtɪəriən/

pl. : criteria

/kraɪˈtɪəriə/

The main criterion is value for money.

Answer 22

a standard or principle by which sth. is judged; or with the help of which a decision is made

pl. : ?

Question 23

Definition

[intransitive] to argue

/ˈɑːɡjuː/

We’re always arguing with each other about money.

Answer 23

to speak angrily to sb. because you disagree with them

Question 24

Definition

to label

/ˈleɪbl/

He was labelled (as) a traitor by his former colleagues.

Answer 24

to describe sb./sth. in a particular way, especially unfairly

Question 25

# Definition *[transitive]* **to skew** sth. /skjuː/ *to skew the statistics*

Answer 25

to distort from a true value

Question 26

# Definition **compelling** /kəmˈpelɪŋ/ *Her latest book makes compelling reading.*

Answer 26

that makes you pay attention to it because it is so interesting and exciting

Question 27

# Definition **scholar** /ˈskɒlə(r)/ *He was the most distinguished scholar in his field.*

Answer 27

a person who knows a lot about a particular subject because they have studied it in detail

Question 28

# Definition **to contend** /kənˈtend/ _syn. :_ to maintain /meɪnˈteɪn/ *I would contend _that_ the minister's thinking is flawed on this point.*

Answer 28

to argue or state earnestly _syn. :_ ?

Question 29

# Definition **to envision** /ɪnˈvɪʒn/ *They envision an equal society, free of poverty and disease.*

Answer 29

to imagine what a situation will be like in the future, especially a situation you intend to work towards

Question 30

# Definition **a disruption** /dɪsˈrʌpʃn/ *The strike caused serious disruptions.*

Answer 30

the act of stopping sth. from continuing in the normal way

Question 31

# Definition **tentative** /ˈtentətɪv/ _syn. :_ hesitant /ˈhezɪtənt/ *Her English is correct but tentative.*

Answer 31

not behaving or done with confidence _syn. :_ ?

Question 32

# Definition **to follow through** (with sth.) /ˈfɒləʊ θruː/ *We must be prepared to follow through with that threat if everything else fails.*

Answer 32

to finish sth. that you have started

Question 33

# Definition **extent** /ɪkˈstent/ *It is difficult to assess the full extent of the damage.*

Answer 33

how large, important, serious, etc. sth. is

Question 34

# Definition **to topple** (s.o./sth.) /ˈtɒpl/ _syn. :_ to overthrow *a plot to topple the President*

Answer 34

to make sb. lose their position of power or authority _syn. :_ ?

Question 35

# Definition *[usually plural]* **finding** /ˈfaɪndɪŋ/ * The findings of the commission will be published today.* * These findings suggest that there is no direct link between unemployment and crime.*

Answer 35

information that is discovered as the result of research into sth.

Question 36

# Definition **to bear out** /'beə(r) aʊt/ *The theory that free trade would increase prosperity was borne out in the postwar economic boom.*

Answer 36

to show that sb. is right or that sth. is true

Question 37

# Definition **to alleviate** /əˈliːvieɪt/ _syn. :_ to ease /iːz/ * to alleviate suffering* * A number of measures were taken to alleviate the problem.*

Answer 37

to make sth. less severe _syn. :_ ?

Question 38

# Definition **a view** /vjuː/ *He has an optimistic view of life.*

Answer 38

a way of understanding or thinking about sth.

Question 39

# Definition **to comprise** /kəmˈpraɪz/ _syn. :_ consist of /kənˈsɪst əv/ * The collection comprises 327 paintings.* * The committee is comprised of representatives from both the public and private sectors.*

Answer 39

to have sb./sth. as parts or members _syn. :_ ?

Question 40

# Definition **agreement** /əˈɡriːmənt/ * an international peace agreement* * The agreement (= the document recording the agreement) was signed during a meeting at the UN.*

Answer 40

an arrangement, a promise or a contract made with sb.

Question 41

# Definition **causal** /ˈkɔzl/ *the causal relationship between poverty and disease*

Answer 41

connected with the relationship between two things, where one causes the other to happen

Question 42

# Definition **to pursue** /pəˈsjuː/ * Certain goals are worth pursuing* * She wishes to pursue a medical career.*

Answer 42

to find or employ measures to obtain or accomplish sth.

Question 43

# Definition **lending** /ˈlendɪŋ/ *Lending by banks rose to $10 billion last year.*

Answer 43

the act of giving money to sb. on condition that they pay it back over a period of time and pay interest on it.

Question 44

# Definition **dubious** /ˈdjuːbiəs/ *She had the dubious honour of being the last woman to be hanged in England* (= it was not an honour at all).

Answer 44

that you cannot be sure about; that is probably not good

Question 45

# Definition **unrest** /ʌnˈrest/ * industrial/civil/social/political/popular unrest* * There is growing unrest in the south of the country.*

Answer 45

a political situation in which people are angry and likely to protest or fight

Question 46

# Definition **to monitor** /ˈmɒnɪtə(r)/ *We were warned by a friend in the government that our phone calls were being monitored.*

Answer 46

to listen to telephone calls, foreign radio broadcasts, etc. in order to find out information that might be useful

Question 47

# Definition **to speak out** /'spiːk aʊt/ *He was the only one to speak out against the decision.*

Answer 47

to state your opinions publicly, especially in opposition to sth. and in a way that takes courage

Question 48

# Definition *[countable, uncount.]* **compulsion** /kəmˈpʌlʃn/ * There are no compulsions on students to attend classes.​* * The legal system is based on compulsion.*

Answer 48

*(formal)* strong pressure that makes sb. do sth. that they do not want to do

Question 49

# Definition **to promote** /prəˈməʊt/ *policies to promote economic growth*

Answer 49

to help sth. to happen or develop

Question 50

# Definition **significance** /sɪɡˈnɪfɪkəns/ *a decision of major political significance*

Answer 50

the importance of sth., especially when this has an effect on what happens in the future

Question 51

# Definition **to scrutinize** /ˈskruːtənaɪz/ *The statement was carefully scrutinized before publication.*

Answer 51

to look at or examine sb./sth. carefully

Question 52

# Definition **prominent** /ˈprɒmɪnənt/ _syn. :_ noticeable /ˈnəʊtɪsəbl/ *The church tower was a prominent feature in the landscape.*

Answer 52

easily seen _syn. :_ ?

Question 53

# Definition *[uncountable]* **ethnic cleansing** /ˌeθnɪk ˈklenzɪŋ/ *He described the tragic plight of the victims of ethnic cleansing.*

Answer 53

the policy of forcing the people of a particular race or religion to leave an area or a country

Question 54

# Definition **starkly** /ˈstɑːkli/ *The interior is starkly simple.*

Answer 54

*(often disapproving)* in a way that looks severe because it has no colour or decoration

Question 55

# Definition *[countable, uncount.]* **policy** (on sth.) /ˈpɒləsi/ _plur. :_ policies * The company has adopted a firm policy on shoplifting.* * US foreign/domestic policy*

Answer 55

a plan of action agreed or chosen by a political party, a business, etc. _plural :_ ?

Question 56

# Definition **an outcome** /ˈaʊtkʌm/ *We are waiting to hear the final outcome of the negotiations.*

Answer 56

the result or effect of an action or event

Question 57

# Definition **a combatant** /ˈkɒmbətənt/ *He was involved in the war, but not as a combatant.*

Answer 57

a person or group involved in fighting in a war or battle

Question 58

# Definition **to grapple** /ˈɡræpl/ *A government trying to grapple _with_ inflation.*

Answer 58

to try hard to find a solution to a problem

Question 59

# Definition **to crop up** /krɒp ʌp/ _syn. :_ to come up /kʌm ʌp/ * His name just cropped up in conversation.* * I'll be late—something's cropped up at home.*

Answer 59

to appear or happen, especially when it is not expected _syn. :_ ?

Question 60

# Definition **to spur** /spɜː(r)/ * Her difficult childhood spurred her on to succeed.* * My trainer spurred me to keep up a pace of four miles an hour.*

Answer 60

to encourage sb. to do sth. or to encourage them to try harder to achieve sth.

Question 61

# Definition **to assess** /əˈses/ *It's difficult to assess the effects of these changes.*

Answer 61

to make a judgement about the nature or quality of sb./sth.

Question 62

# Definition *[transitive, intr.]* **to overlap** /ˌəʊvəˈlæp/ *A fish’s scales overlap each other*

Answer 62

if one thing ... another, or the two things ..., part of one thing covers part of the other

Question 63

# Definition **to bewilder** /bɪˈwɪldə(r)/ *She was totally bewildered by his sudden change of mood.*

Answer 63

to perplex or confuse sb., especially by a complexity, variety, or multitude of objects or considerations

Question 64

# Definition *[intransitive]* **to appeal** /əˈpiːl/ *They needed to appeal to his sense of justice.*

Answer 64

to try to persuade sb. to do sth. by suggesting that it is a fair, reasonable or honest thing to do

Question 65

# Definition *[uncountable, plural]* **data** /ˈdeɪtə/ * This data was collected from 69 countries.* * raw data (= that has not been analysed)*

Answer 65

facts or information, especially when examined and used to find out things or to make decisions

Question 66

# Definition **to coordinate** sth. /kəʊˈɔːdɪneɪt/ *They appointed a new manager to coordinate the work of the team.*

Answer 66

to organize the different parts of an activity and the people involved in it so that it works well

Question 67

# Definition **insurgency** /ɪnˈsɜːdʒənsi/ _syn. :_ rebellion /rɪˈbeljən/ *The government faces continuing insurgency in the north-east.*

Answer 67

an attempt to take control of a country by force _syn. :_ ?

Question 68

# Definition **to prompt** /prɒmpt/ _prompt s.o. to do sth._ *: The thought of her daughter's wedding day prompted her to lose some weight.* _prompt sth._ *: The discovery of the bomb prompted an increase in security.*

Answer 68

to make sb. decide to do sth. ; to cause sth. to happen

Question 69

# Definition *[usually singular]* **quandary** /ˈkwɒndəri/ _plur. :_ quandaries _syn. :_ dilemma /dɪˈlemə/ *George was in a quandary—should he go or shouldn't he?*

Answer 69

the state of not being able to decide what to do in a difficult situation _plur. :_ ? _syn. :_ ?

Question 70

# Definition **theory** /ˈθɪəri/ *According to the theory of relativity, nothing can travel faster than light.*

Answer 70

a formal set of ideas that is intended to explain why sth. happens or exists

Question 71

# Definition **to stand aside** /stænd əˈsaɪd/ *She stood aside to let us pass.*

Answer 71

to move to one side

Question 72

# Definition **to condone** (sth./s.o. doing sth.) /kənˈdəʊn/ *Terrorism can never be condoned.*

Answer 72

to accept behaviour that is morally wrong or to treat it as if it were not serious

Question 73

# Definition **computational** /ˌkɒmpjuˈteɪʃənl/ *They have been assisted in their task by an expert in computational and mathematical issues*

Answer 73

using or connected with computers

Question 74

# Definition **vexing** /ˈveksɪŋ/ *a vexing problem*

Answer 74

*(old-fashioned or formal)* difficult or delicate

Question 75

# Definition **to tear apart** sth. /teə(r) əˈpɑːt/ *They tore the room apart, looking for money.*

Answer 75

to search a place, making it look untidy and causing damage _syn. :_ ?

Question 76

# Definition *[countable]* **a certainty** /ˈsɜːtnti/ * political/moral certainties* * Her return to the team now seems a certainty.*

Answer 76

a thing that is true, that is considered to be true

Question 77

# Definition **outbreak** /ˈaʊtbreɪk/ *the events that led to the outbreak of World War I*

Answer 77

the sudden start of sth. unpleasant, especially violence or a disease

Question 78

# Definition **a set** /set/ * a set of six chairs* * a new set of rules to learn*

Answer 78

a group of similar things that belong together in some way

Question 79

# Definition **either** /ˈaɪðə(r)/ ou /ˈiːðə(r)/ *You can park on either side of the street.*

Answer 79

one or the other of two

Question 80

# Definition *[intransitive]* **to behave** + adv./prep. /bɪˈheɪv/ * The doctor behaved very unprofessionally.* * He behaved like a true gentleman.*

Answer 80

to do things in a particular way

Question 81

# Definition **rather** /ˈrɑːðə(r)/ *The walls were not white, but rather a sort of dirty grey.*

Answer 81

used to introduce an idea that is different or opposite to the idea that you have stated previously

Question 82

# Definition **to warrant** /ˈwɒrənt/​ _syn. :_ to justify /ˈdʒʌstɪfaɪ/ *They do not consider the case serious enough to warrant a government enquiry.*

Answer 82

*(formal)* to make sth. necessary or appropriate in a particular situation _syn. :_ ?

Question 83

# Definition **fulfilment** /fʊlˈfɪlmənt/ *the fulfilment of a dream (br)*

Answer 83

the act of doing or achieving what was hoped for or expected

Question 84

# Definition **plausible** /ˈplɔːzəbl/ _opp. :_ implausible /ɪmˈplɔːzəbl/ *The only plausible explanation is that he forgot.*

Answer 84

*(of an excuse or explanation)* reasonable and likely to be true _opp. :_ ?

Question 85

# Definition *[countable, uncount.]* **insight** into sth. /ˈɪnsaɪt/ *The book gives us fascinating insights into life in Mexico.*

Answer 85

an understanding of what sth. is like

Question 86

# Definition *[countable]* **supply** /səˈplaɪ/ *Supplies of food are almost exhausted.*

Answer 86

an amount of sth. that is provided or available to be used

Question 87

# Definition **bystander** /ˈbaɪstændə(r)/ *Three innocent bystanders were killed in the crossfire.*

Answer 87

a person who sees sth. that is happening but is not involved

Question 88

# Definition **overall** /ˌəʊvərˈɔːl/ *this overall increase masks different developments within that period.*

Answer 88

including all the things or people that are involved in a particular situation ; general

Question 89

# Definition **a pattern** /ˈpætn/ * changing patterns of behaviour* * The murders all seem to follow a pattern (= happen in the same way).*

Answer 89

the regular way in which sth. happens or is done

Question 90

# Definition **to lend** /lend/ *Has he returned that book you lent him?*

Answer 90

to give sth. to sb. or allow them to use sth. that belongs to you, which they have to return to you later

Question 91

# Definition *[uncountable]* **evidence** /ˈevɪdəns/ *We found further scientific evidence for this theory.*

Answer 91

the facts, signs or objects that make you believe that sth. is true

Question 92

# Definition **to assert** /əˈsɜːt/ *She continued to assert her innocence/that she was innocent.*

Answer 92

to state clearly and firmly that sth. is true

Question 93

# Definition **methodology** /ˌmeθəˈdɒlədʒi/ *recent changes in the methodology of language teaching*

Answer 93

a set of principles, strategies or practical steps used to perform a particular activity

Question 94

# Definition *[countable, uncount.]* **aggregation** /ˌæɡrɪˈɡeɪʃn/ *the aggregation of data*

Answer 94

*(formal)* the act of putting together different items, amounts, etc. into a single group or total

Question 95

# Definition *[usually plural]* **essential** /ɪˈsenʃl/ *the essentials of English grammar*

Answer 95

an important basic fact or piece of knowledge about a subjet

Question 96

# Definition *[usually before noun]* **ongoing** /ˈɒnɡəʊɪŋ/ * an ongoing process* * The police investigation is ongoing.*

Answer 96

continuing to exist or develop

Question 97

# Definition *[usually singular]* **a puzzle** /ˈpʌzl/ _syn. :_ mystery /ˈmɪstri/ *They are trying to solve the puzzle of how gravity works.*

Answer 97

a mysterious situation in which it is not easy to understand all the causes of what is happening; a complicated problem _syn. :_ ?

Question 98

# Definition **to work out** /wɜːkˈaʊt/ *Things have worked out quite well for us.*

Answer 98

to develop in a successful way

Question 99

# Definition The Great War The First World War World War One

Answer 99

How to pronounce WW I ?

Question 100

# Definition **purpose** /ˈpərpəs/ *The purpose of the State intervention is to speed up the restructuring of the industry.*

Answer 100

the goals that actors pursue, including the notion of « national interest »