Genotype
combination of two alleles for a certain gene. Can be homo or heterozygous
Phenotypes
The observable characteristics of an individual (proteins)
Mendel’s First Law: The Principle of Segregation
The alleles of an individual separate during the formation of gametes
Mendel’s law of independent assortment
The alleles of two or more different genes get sorted into gametes independent of each other
only true if genes are unlinked
What is the phenotypic ratio for heterozygous monohybrid cross?
1:2:1
What is the phenotypic ratio for heterozygous dihybrid cross?
9:3:3:1
Product Rule
“AND”
If two or more events are independent, the probability of both occuring simultaneously/consecutively is the produce of their individual probabilities
Sum Rule
“OR”
If two or more events are independent of each other and are mutually exclusive, then the probability of one or the other occurring is the sum of their individual probabilities
What is the binomial equation used for?
Allows us to calculate the probability of an event out of two possible outcomes that can happen in multiple different ways
What is the binomial coefficient formula?
the number of ways something can happen
n!/(r!(n-r)!)
What is the binomial equation formula?
n!/(r!(n-r)!) * p^r q^(n-r)
n = total number of trials
r = number of successes
(n-r) = number of failures
p = probability of success
q = probability of failure
Conditional probability
The cahance that an event (B) will occur given that we already know that A has occured
Chi-square (X2) test
compare experimental observation with an expected outcome
Chi-square formula
X2= SUM((O-E)^2/E)
O=observed
E=expected
Degrees of freedom (df)
Number of independent values in the data. It’s the # of outcomes - 1
What are the independent modes of inheritance?
- autosomal dominant
- autosomal recessive
- X-linked dominant
- X-linked recessive
- Y-linked (not common)
