What is priming?
Activating concepts or stereotypes of thoughts relevant to the things
Characteristics that activate automatic behaviour
- behaviour of others
2. automatic activation of goals
Indirect variables (distal variables)
Only influence behaviour through the effect they have on the direct variables
Person’s behaviour is decided by three determinants:
- Intention
- Skills
- Environmental constraints
- -> only if all these conditions met, behaviour occur
By which determinants is ‘intention’ directly influenced?
- Attitude: person’s evaluation of behaviour (postitve/negative)
- Perceived norm: normative (what person think that others may believe), descriptive (relate to what others in the same situation will do)
- Efficacy beliefs: “Do I think I can perform this behaviour?”
Four functions of attitude
- instrumental function: human tendency to be attracted to oibjects that make lives more agreeable
- knowledge function: summary evaluation of an object based on all kinds of properties
- ego defensive function: positive image of themselves, people want to feel better than others
- value-expressive function: your likes and dislikes help to show others what you consider important values
implicit attitudes
automatic association people have between an object and an evuluation. Based on early experiences with the attitude objection emotions.
Explicit attitudes
Result of a rational deliberation process. Cognitive considerations more based on beliefs.
Three fundamentals of attitudes
- attitudes and beliefs
- Accuracy: correct/incorrct
- certainty: of a belief - attitudes and emotions (affects)
- valence: degree to which attitude promotes or hinders achieving a value
- intensity: indication of object’s interest: how strong is emotion - attitudes and behaviour
- cognitive dissonance
- selfperception
What is mere exposure effect?
Phenomenon that even one or more superficial observations of a particular object can already influence people’s judgment about it.
Influential information-process, steps:
- Attention to the message
- Comprehend the message
- Accept the message
Determinants of curiosity
- Deprivation: actively seek information, i we are aware that we do not have specific knowledge.
- Interest: need to hear or learn something new. Do not feel they lack relevant knowledge.
Four phases in the development of individual interests:
- Triggered situational interest (suprising, personal relevance, intensity of message)
- Maintained situational interest
- Acuire knowledge and dvelop positive feeling towards the topic
- Differs from 3 steps in terms of amount of knowledge and positive feelings
Two models distinguishing two types of acceptance process. The underlying principle
people wnat to have the right attitudes; is important that their evaluation of objects or behaviours is correct.
Factors whereas the likelihood of elaboration depends (central route)
- motivation
- personal relevance
- personality: people with higher cognition - Capacity (ability)
- prioir knowledge (biased / unbiased)
- cognitive ability: if people have deficit, more challenging to allocate higher cogintive effort into processing message - opportunity
- distractive elements
- competing pressures
Forms of involvement
- impression-relevant: people judge each other by the attitude they process
- outcome-relevant: readers have a lot of gain by having the correct attitude
- value-relevant: topic of text is strongly linked to a vlaue that is important to the reader
