1
Q
isotope
A
same element, different number of neutrons, same number of protons
2
Q
atomic number =
A
number of protons and electrons
3
Q
how to find number of neutrons
A
atomic mass - atomic number
4
Q
half-life
A
time required for a quantity of radioactivity to be reduced to half its original value
5
Q
ionizing radiation
-2 types
A
- particulate (alpha, beta-, beta+, e-, p+, n)
- EM (gamma and x-ray)
6
Q
nonionizing radiation
-ex
A
-ultrasound
7
Q
alpha
- characteristics
- hazards
A
- very short range (1-10cm)
- deposit lots of energy
- easily shielded, high atomic number
- very short range (1-10cm)
- internal hazard only (extreme hazard)
8
Q
beta
- characteristics
- external hazards
- internal hazards
- range
A
- more penetrating
- can get through a few cm of tissue
- more penetrating
- skin
- yes
9
Q
gamma
- characteristics
- internal and external hazards
A
- very high energy EM radiation
- follows alpha or beta decay
- very high energy EM radiation
- yes
10
Q
X-rays
- characteristics
- external and internal hazards
A
- high energy EM radiation
- machine produced
- high energy EM radiation
- external only
11
Q
alpha
- air range
- tissue range
A
- 1-10cm
- <0.1mm
12
Q
beta
- air range
- tissue range
A
- 0-10m
- 0 to 2cm
13
Q
x-ray
- air range
- tissue range
A
- 0-100m
- 0cm to 30cm
14
Q
gamma
- air range
- tissue range
A
- 0-100m
- few cm’s to greater than 30 cm
15
Q
shielding
- alpha
- beta
- gamma
- x-ray
A
- paper
- aluminum
- lead, concrete, steel
- lead
16
Q
prefixes in nuclear medicine - exponents
- mega-
- kilo-
- centi
- milli
- micro-
A
- 10^6
- 10^3
- 10^-2
- 10^-3
- 10^-6
17
Q
how can the inverse square law be used to reduce radiation exposure
A
standing back from a source of radiation reduce dose to staff
18
Q
steps to check GM counter
A
- verify that the instrument is in calibration
- check battery function
- check a background reading
- check to make sure the instrument properly responds to radiation
physics 107
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