Chapter 2: Basic Chemistry

Question 1

major essential elements

Answer 1

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

Question 2

molecule

Answer 2

2 or more atoms sharing electrons

Question 3

isotopes

Answer 3

different mass, same protons

Question 4

non-polar covalent bond

Answer 4

electrons shared equally between atoms, no net charge

Question 5

polar covalent bond

Answer 5

one atom has stronger pull on electrons, H2O, oxygen has more protons, pulls electrons, gets negative charge

Question 6

hydrogen bond

Answer 6

opposite charges of polar molecules attract, holds water together and dna strands

Question 7

NH2
COOH
OH
H2PO4

Answer 7

amino
carboxyl
hydroxyl
phosphate

Question 8

4 categories of biomolecules

Answer 8

carbohydrates
lipids
proteins
nucleotides

Question 9

carbohydrates

• formula
• monomer (ex)
• polymer (ex)

Answer 9

most abundant

• CH2O
• monosaccharides (gluose, ribose)
• polysaccharides (glycogen, starch)

Question 10

polysaccharide storage

Answer 10

liver and muscle

Question 11

breakdown of disaccharides

• sucrose
• maltose
• lactose

Answer 11

• sucrose = glucose + fructose
• maltose = 2 glucose
• lactose = glucose + galactose

Question 12

lipids

• make up
• monomer
• polymers

Answer 12

• carbons and hydrogens, few oxygens
• fatty acid (saturated or unsaturated)
• triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids

Question 13

saturated vs unsaturated fatty acids

Answer 13

saturated: no double bonds, bad
unsaturated: 1 or more double bonds, saturated with H+s

Question 14

triglycerides makeup

Answer 14

glycerol + 3 fatty acids

Question 15

phospholipid makeup

Answer 15

phosphate + 2 fatty acids

Question 16

eicosanoid makeup

Answer 16

C ring + 2 long carbon chain tails

Question 17

steroid makeup

Answer 17

4 linked rings (cholesterol)

Question 18

nucleotides

• makeup
• composition
• monomer
• polymer
• function

Answer 18

• N, C, H, O
• base, sugar, phosphate
• nucleotide
• nucleic acids
• transmit and store information, transfer energy, store energy, messanger

Question 19

how bases pair

Answer 19

G=-C, A=T, A=U in RNA

Question 20

proteins

• makeup
• monomer
• polymer
• levels of organization

Answer 20

• C, H, O, N
• amino acids
• polypeptide/protein
• primary, secondary, tertiary, quarternary

Question 21

protein structure

Answer 21

C attached to H, COOH, R, NH2 (clockwise from top)

Question 22

peptide bond

Answer 22

COOH + NH2 = OC-NH (released H2O)

Question 23

secondary structure

Answer 23

alpha helix, beta pleated sheets

Question 24

tertiary structure

Answer 24

globular
-soluble in water
-carriers, enzymes, hormones, neurotransmitters
-alpha helix primary
fibrous
-insoluble in water
-collagen, keratin

Question 25

quarternary structure

Answer 25

2+ tertiary subunits fibrous -> collagen globular -> hemoglobin

Question 26

acids vs bases

Answer 26

acids: give off H+ bases: take H+

Question 27

pH formula

Answer 27

pH = log (1/[H+])

Question 28

pH of blood

Answer 28

7.4, basic

Question 29

enzymes

Answer 29

catalyze chemical reactions

Question 30

membrane transporters

Answer 30

move substance across cell membranes

Question 31

signal molecules

Answer 31

communicators between cells of body, typically bind to proteins at the receiving end hormones, neuropeptides

Question 32

receptors

Answer 32

bind signal molecules, precipitate action within cell

Question 33

binding proteins

Answer 33

bind and transport molecules (hemoglobin), protein chaperones, mostly in ECF

Question 34

immunoglobins

Answer 34

antibodies, immune response,

Question 35

regulatory proteins

Answer 35

transcription factors, regulation of gene expression

Question 36

ligand

Answer 36

molecule that binds to a protein

Question 37

induced-fit model

Answer 37

protein changes shape to better fit ligand

Question 38

proteolytic activator

Answer 38

removes peptide fragments from inactive protein to make it active

Question 39

allosteric activator

Answer 39

binds away from binding site, activates protein

Question 40

cofactors

Answer 40

bind to binding site to make it active

Question 41

competitive inhibitor

Answer 41

binds to binding site, blocks ligand

Question 42

allosteric inhibitor

Answer 42

binds away from binding site, inactivates protein

Question 43

covalent modulator

Answer 43

binds to protein and changes its activity

Question 44

agonist

Answer 44

synergist, works together

Question 45

antagonist

Answer 45

opposites, works against

Question 46

protein concentration factor

Answer 46

ever increasing

Question 47

ligand concentration factor

Answer 47

increases to a point, then levels out at saturation point

Question 48

buffer

Answer 48

minimizes changes of pH, takes excess H+ out of solution or contributes when running out bicarbonate in blood