Chapter 2- Basic Chemistry

Question 1

Matter

Answer 1

Everything that takes up space and has mass

Question 2

Elements

Answer 2

Make up all matter, living or non-living

Cannot be broken down into simpler substances with different properties

Question 3

6 elements that make up 95% or living organisms

Answer 3

CHNOPS

Carbon
Hydrogen
Nitrogen
Oxygen
Phosphorus
Sulphur

Question 4

Atoms

Answer 4

Smallest unit of an element that retains the characteristics of that element

Question 5

3 subatomic particles that make up an atom

Answer 5

Protons (+)
Neutrons
Electrons (-)

Persons and neutrons found in nucleus, electrons found in the orbitals

Question 6

Information obtained from the periodic table

Answer 6

Atomic symbol (letter)
Atomic number (#of protons, on top)
Atomic mass (# of + and neutrons)

Mass - atomic # = # of neutrons

Question 7

Periods vs groups

Answer 7

Periods= horizontal
Groups= verticle

Question 8

Electron arrangement

Answer 8

E- orbit nucleus in shells

• 1st shell holds up to 2 e-
• 2nd and 3rd hold up to 8 e- each

Question 9

Valence shell

Answer 9

Outermost shell, determines the chemical properties of an atom

Question 10

Octet rule

Answer 10

Atoms whose outer shells are not full interact with other atoms to acquire e-

The loss or gain of e- causes an atom to become charged (ions, + or -)

Question 11

Compound

Answer 11

Combination of 2 or more elements

Tendency to form compounds depends on valence electrons

Question 12

Chemical bonds

Answer 12

When atoms are held close together by attractions

Question 13

3 types of chemical bonds

Answer 13

Ionic, covalent, hydrogen

Question 14

Ionic bonds

Answer 14

• Transfer of e-
• Formed btw oppositely charged ions
• Metals and non metals

Question 15

Covalent bonds

Answer 15

• sharing of e-
• strongest of the 3 bonds
• # that can be created depend on the VE
• # of bonds is equal to the # of e- needed to fill the outer shell
• non metals

Question 16

Polar vs non-polar covalent bonds

Answer 16

Non-polar: equal sharing of e-

Polar: unequal sharing of e-, results in a partial charge

Question 17

Isotopes

Answer 17

When atoms of an element have the same number of protons but different number of neutrons

Usually unstable and undergo “radioactive decay”