0
Q
Passive forces
A
- forces that do not require the cell to expend energy to produce movement
1
Q
Selectively permeable
A
- characteristic of the plasma membrane - permits some particles to pass through, while excluding others
2
Q
Active forces
A
- forces that do require the cell to expend energy (ATP) to transport a substance across the membrane
3
Q
Diffusion
A
-
4
Q
Concentration gradient
A
- a difference in concentration between two adjacent areas
5
Q
Net diffusion
A
- the difference between two opposing movements
6
Q
Steady state
A
- movement of molecules from area A to area B that is exactly matched by the movement of molecules from area B to area A
7
Q
Fick’s law of diffusion
A
- factors contributing to the rate of net diffusion across the membrane
8
Q
Electrical gradient
A
- a difference in charge between two adjacent areas that promotes the movement of ions towards the area of opposite charge
9
Q
Electrochemical gradient
A
- when both an electrical and a concentration gradient act simultaneously on a specific ion
10
Q
Aquaporins
A
- channels used for the passage of water - formed by membrane proteins - allow about a billion water molecules can pass single file through this channel in one second
11
Q
Osmosis
A
- net movement of water across a membrane down its concentration gradient - passive
12
Q
Hydrostatic pressure
A
- the pressure exerted by a stationary fluid on an object (the plasma membrane)
13
Q
Osmotic pressure
A
- a measure of the tendency for water to move into that solution because of its relative concentration of nonpenetrating solute sand water
14
Q
Tonicity
A
- the effect the solution has on cell volume when the solution surrounds the cell
15
Q
Isotonic solution
A
- a solution with the same concentration of nonpenetrating solutes as normal body cells do
16
Q
Hypotonic solution
A
- a dilute solution - a solution with a below normal concentration of nonpenetrating solutes - causes RBCs to swell
17
Q
Hypertonic solution
A
- a concentrated solution - a solution w an above normal concentration of nonpenetrating solutes - the cells shrink as they lose water by osmosis
18
Q
Transport maximum
A
- the limit to the amount of a substance a carrier can transport across the membrane in a give time - related to carrier-mediated transport
19
Q
Carrier-mediated transport
A
- a molecule to be transported attaches to a binding site within the interior of the carrier on one side of the membrane - binding causes the carrier to flip its shape so that the same site is now exposed to the other side of the membrane - the bound molecule detaches from the carrier - the carrier reverts to its original shape
20
Q
Active transport
A
- requires the carrier to expend energy to transfer its passenger uphill against a concentration gradient, from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration - used to transport specific ions or polar molecule
21
Q
Hydrogen ion H+ pumps
A
- an example of the simple active transport - used by specialized stomach cells to transport H+ into the stomach lumen in association w he secretion of HCl during digestion of a meal - moves H+ against a tremendous gradient
22
Q
Na+/K+ ATPase pump
A
- involves the transfer of three sodium ions out of the cell and two potassium ions in - an example of active transport
23
Q
Cotransport carriers
A
- an example of secondary active transport - example: luminal carriers in intestinal and kidney cells - two binding sites, one for Na+ and one for the nutrient molecule
24
Secondary active transport
- Active transport - moves molecules against the concentration gradient - driven by ion gradient established by ATP requiring primary pump
25
Ion concentration gradient
-
26
Vesicular transport
- transfers large particles between the ECF and the ICF by wrapping contents in membrane enclosed vesicles - requires energy expenditures by the cell - active method of transport
27
Pinocytosis
- brings a small droplet of ECF into the cell - form of active, vesicular transport - plasma membrane dips inwards and pinches off at surface, forming an internalized vesicle
28
Receptor mediated endocytosis
- used to transport specific large polar molecule - active, vesicular transport - plasma membrane dips inwards and pinches off at the surface, forming an internalized vesicle
29
Phagocytosis
- used to transport multimolecular particles (bacteria and cellular debris) - active form of vesicular transport - cell extends pseudopods that surround particle, forming an internalized vesicle
30
Exocytosis
- used to transport secretory products and large molecules passing through the cell intact - active, vesicular transport
31
Nucleus
- DNA and specialized proteins enclosed by a double-layered membrane - acts as a control centre of the cell providing storage of genetic material
32
Cytoplasm
- the portion of the cell's interior not occupied by the nucleus but contains numerous organelles, structural proteins, transport and secretory vesicles, and enzymes
33
Intermediary metabolism
- refers collectively to the large set of chemical reactions inside the cell that involve the degradation, synthesis, and transformation of small organic molecules.
34
Anabolic
- processes that favour the synthesis of molecules for building up organs and tissues
35
Catabolic
- processes that favour the breakdown of complex molecules into more simpler ones
36
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
- consists of adenosine with three phosphate groups attached - the universal energy carrier - cells use ATP to pay for the cost of operating he body's cells
37
Adenosine diphosphate
- adenosine with two phosphate groups attached plus inorganic phosphate and energy -
38
# Reverse
- characteristic of the plasma membrane - permits some particles to pass through, while excluding others
Selectively permeable
39
# Reverse
- forces that do not require the cell to expend energy to produce movement
Passive forces
40
# Reverse
- forces that do require the cell to expend energy (ATP) to transport a substance across the membrane
Active forces
41
# Reverse
-
Diffusion
42
# Reverse
- a difference in concentration between two adjacent areas
Concentration gradient
43
# Reverse
- the difference between two opposing movements
Net diffusion
44
# Reverse
- movement of molecules from area A to area B that is exactly matched by the movement of molecules from area B to area A
Steady state
45
# Reverse
- factors contributing to the rate of net diffusion across the membrane
Fick's law of diffusion
46
# Reverse
- a difference in charge between two adjacent areas that promotes the movement of ions towards the area of opposite charge
Electrical gradient
47
# Reverse
- when both an electrical and a concentration gradient act simultaneously on a specific ion
Electrochemical gradient
48
# Reverse
- channels used for the passage of water - formed by membrane proteins - allow about a billion water molecules can pass single file through this channel in one second
Aquaporins
49
# Reverse
- net movement of water across a membrane down its concentration gradient - passive
Osmosis
50
# Reverse
- the pressure exerted by a stationary fluid on an object (the plasma membrane)
Hydrostatic pressure
51
# Reverse
- a measure of the tendency for water to move into that solution because of its relative concentration of nonpenetrating solute sand water
Osmotic pressure
52
# Reverse
- the effect the solution has on cell volume when the solution surrounds the cell
Tonicity
53
# Reverse
- a solution with the same concentration of nonpenetrating solutes as normal body cells do
Isotonic solution
54
# Reverse
- a dilute solution - a solution with a below normal concentration of nonpenetrating solutes - causes RBCs to swell
Hypotonic solution
55
# Reverse
- a concentrated solution - a solution w an above normal concentration of nonpenetrating solutes - the cells shrink as they lose water by osmosis
Hypertonic solution
56
# Reverse
- the limit to the amount of a substance a carrier can transport across the membrane in a give time - related to carrier-mediated transport
Transport maximum
57
# Reverse
- a molecule to be transported attaches to a binding site within the interior of the carrier on one side of the membrane - binding causes the carrier to flip its shape so that the same site is now exposed to the other side of the membrane - the bound molecule detaches from the carrier - the carrier reverts to its original shape
Carrier-mediated transport
58
# Reverse
- requires the carrier to expend energy to transfer its passenger uphill against a concentration gradient, from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration - used to transport specific ions or polar molecule
Active transport
59
# Reverse
- an example of the simple active transport - used by specialized stomach cells to transport H+ into the stomach lumen in association w he secretion of HCl during digestion of a meal - moves H+ against a tremendous gradient
Hydrogen ion H+ pumps
60
# Reverse
- involves the transfer of three sodium ions out of the cell and two potassium ions in - an example of active transport
Na+/K+ ATPase pump
61
# Reverse
- an example of secondary active transport - example: luminal carriers in intestinal and kidney cells - two binding sites, one for Na+ and one for the nutrient molecule
Cotransport carriers
62
# Reverse
- Active transport - moves molecules against the concentration gradient - driven by ion gradient established by ATP requiring primary pump
Secondary active transport
63
# Reverse
-
Ion concentration gradient
64
# Reverse
- transfers large particles between the ECF and the ICF by wrapping contents in membrane enclosed vesicles - requires energy expenditures by the cell - active method of transport
Vesicular transport
65
# Reverse
- brings a small droplet of ECF into the cell - form of active, vesicular transport - plasma membrane dips inwards and pinches off at surface, forming an internalized vesicle
Pinocytosis
66
# Reverse
- used to transport specific large polar molecule - active, vesicular transport - plasma membrane dips inwards and pinches off at the surface, forming an internalized vesicle
Receptor mediated endocytosis
67
# Reverse
- used to transport multimolecular particles (bacteria and cellular debris) - active form of vesicular transport - cell extends pseudopods that surround particle, forming an internalized vesicle
Phagocytosis
68
# Reverse
- used to transport secretory products and large molecules passing through the cell intact - active, vesicular transport
Exocytosis
69
# Reverse
- DNA and specialized proteins enclosed by a double-layered membrane - acts as a control centre of the cell providing storage of genetic material
Nucleus
70
# Reverse
- the portion of the cell's interior not occupied by the nucleus but contains numerous organelles, structural proteins, transport and secretory vesicles, and enzymes
Cytoplasm
71
# Reverse
- refers collectively to the large set of chemical reactions inside the cell that involve the degradation, synthesis, and transformation of small organic molecules.
Intermediary metabolism
72
# Reverse
- processes that favour the synthesis of molecules for building up organs and tissues
Anabolic
73
# Reverse
- processes that favour the breakdown of complex molecules into more simpler ones
Catabolic
74
# Reverse
- consists of adenosine with three phosphate groups attached - the universal energy carrier - cells use ATP to pay for the cost of operating he body's cells
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
75
# Reverse
- adenosine with two phosphate groups attached plus inorganic phosphate and energy -
Adenosine diphosphate
