Chapter 2 pt. 2

Question 1

Horizontal plane

Answer 1

• Rostral/Anterior/Front
• Caudal/Posterior/Back
• Curves from rostral to caudal

Question 2

Saggital plane

Answer 2

• Rostral
• Caudal
• Dorsal and Ventral

Question 3

Coronal plane

Answer 3

• looks like a face
• Dorsal and ventral

Question 4

front and back

Answer 4

anterior and posterior

Question 5

top and bottom

Answer 5

dorsal and ventral

Question 6

rostral and caudal

Answer 6

toward the head, toward the tail

Question 7

middle and sides

Answer 7

medial and lateral

Question 8

opposite sides and same side

Answer 8

contralateral and ipsilateral

Question 9

far and close to the body

Answer 9

distal and proximal

Question 10

What causes the blood brain barrier

Answer 10

• Higher resistance in brain capillaries that restrics passage of large molecules
• The endothelial cells lining the blood vessels are tightly bound with no gaps
• Very small molecules can cross the blood brain barrier but it is overall very selective of what can get through

Question 11

Circle of Willis

Answer 11

• Structure formed by the major cerebral arteries
• Where the major cerebral arteries are joined via communicating arteries
• This joining may provide an alternate route for blood flow if any of the main arteries to the brain should be damaged/blocked

Question 12

Hemorrhagic stroke

Answer 12

occurs when a rupture in an artery allows blood to leak into the brain
-this means the artery cannot supply blood to the region it was intended to go to anymore
-this then means that the region cannot get nutrients, so there is not neural activity and the neurons will start to shut down

Question 13

Ischemic stroke

Answer 13

occurs when a blood vessel gets blocked, clots, or other debris prevent blood from reaching a region of the brain, causing it to die due to neural shutdown from no nutrients

Question 14

meninges layers in order

Answer 14

• dura mater
• arachnoid mater
• pia mater

meninges are multiple layers that we find surrounding our brain that protect it well

Question 15

dura mater

Answer 15

thin but super tough, leatherly, cannot penetrate easily

Question 16

Arachnoid mater

Answer 16

webby substance that creates a reservoir called the subarachnoid space that suspends the brain in a bath of CSF

Question 17

pia mater

Answer 17

touches and encapsulates the brain completely, wrapping the brain and digging into the grooves

delicate

Question 18

Ependymal cells

Answer 18

• help distribute the cerebrospinal fluid everywhere
• line all of the meninges
• Forms the lining of ventricles
• Ependymal cells secrete cerebrospinal fluid- distibute it but do not create it

Question 19

Ventricles

Answer 19

• Where CSF is made and stored
• 2 lateral ventricles
• 1 dead center (3rd ventricle)
• 1 near the brain stem (4th ventricle) that sends CSF to the spinal cord

Question 20

Choroid plexus

Answer 20

• Creates/produces cerebrospinal fluid by filtering blood
• membrane that lines the ventricles (not the meninges)

Question 21

Peripheral nervous system parts

Answer 21

• all parts of the nervous system found outside the skull and the spinal column
• includes autonomic NS (sympathetic and parasympathetic) and the enteric NS… and the somatic nervous system

Question 22

Autonomic NS

Answer 22

• involuntary, takes place without conscious thought, almost automatic
• Consists of many ganglia (bundles of neurons) that are distributed all over the body including the visceral organs that somewhat independently influence visceral organs
• Divides into the sympathetic and parasympathetic NS

Question 23

Sympathetic NS

Answer 23

• fight or flight
• Norepinephrine mostly governs this
• Increases your heart rate- “adrenaline rush”

Question 24

Parasympathetic NS

Answer 24

• relaxes you
• acetylcholine governs this

Question 25

Enteric NS

Answer 25

Gut/Digestive control -governed by acetylcholine but there are other aspects as well

Question 26

Somatic NS

Answer 26

* voluntary movements * Nerves from your sense organs get set to the CNS to feed your brain info about what is going on around your body * Consists of nerves from the CNS to the skeletal muscles allowing you to move your body willingly * Info goes both from sense info to the brain and also from motor action from brain to motor muscles * PNS-CNS-PNS * Nerves include axons traveling to the CNS from eyes, ears, skin, tongue, nose, muscles

Question 27

Central nervous system functions

Answer 27

* Responsible for senses (vision, audition, olfaction, touch, and taste) * Initiates movement of your muscles * Affects attention, cognition, perception, thought, affect, and mood * Responsible for other automatic life-essential functions like breathing, hunger regulation, thermoregulation, pain regulation, and circadian rhythm ## Footnote functions become less automatic and more complex as you move from caudal to rostral of the CNS

Question 28

Cerebral cortex

Answer 28

top part of the brain where all the groves are

Question 29

basal ganglia

Answer 29

found in the middle of the brain, group of brain areas put together

Question 30

thalamus

Answer 30

relay station, all info goes to thalamus first

Question 31

hypothalamus

Answer 31

sits below the thalamus invloved in breathing, hunger, thermoregulation, etc

Question 32

Brainstem

Answer 32

midbrain, pons, and medulla -invloved in involuntary things

Question 33

Cerebellum

Answer 33

Allows you to balance

Question 34

# spinal cord cervical

Answer 34

neck

Question 35

# spinal cord Thoracic

Answer 35

trunk, lungs area

Question 36

# spinal cord Lumbar

Answer 36

lower back

Question 37

# spinal cord Sacra;

Answer 37

pelvic area

Question 38

# spinal cord Coccygeal

Answer 38

bottom/tailbone

Question 39

meninges and spinal cord

Answer 39

meninges protect and cover the spinal cord, spinal cord is also suspended in CSF

Question 40

Dorsal root ganglion

Answer 40

* ganglion=bundle of neurons that exit and enter the CNS and contact the PNS * take the information from the skin to the spinal cord; responsible for incoming sensory info * located posterior to ventral root

Question 41

Ventral root ganglion

Answer 41

cell bodies are in the ventral horn and send axons to the effector muscles, makes the muscles move -anterior to dorsal root