Chapter 20, 21, 22.5 Test

Question 1

The one ancient species of algae that is the common ancestor of all plans. What are the traits that it passed?

Answer 1

Charophyceae passed on a multicellular body with tissues and reproduction with sperm and egg

Question 2

What was the order in the evolution of plants?

Answer 2

Charophyceans, mosses, ferns, cone bearing plants, flowers

Question 3

How do plants retain moisture?

Answer 3

They are surrounded by a cuticle that has stomata on them to prevent water loss or to be open to move air

Question 4

What is lignin’s purpose?

Answer 4

It hardens cells walls of vascular tissues and is responsible for strength and stiffness of plants

Question 5

What phyla is Moss apart of? What are the phlyum of mosses?

Answer 5

Bryophyta, hepatophyta (liverworts), and anthocerophyta (hornworts)

Question 6

Describe a liverwort, hornwort, and moss

Answer 6

Liverwort-damp environments, get water directly from soil, thallose or leafy

Hornwort-tropical streams, low to ground, grass like appearance

Moss-non vascular, can enter dormancy when their is no water

Question 7

What is sphagnum? What happens as it dies?

Answer 7

A moss that does not decay when it dies, piles of dead sphagnum are called peat and can be burned as fuel, and have antibacterial properties

Question 8

What are club mosses? Whisk ferns? Horsetails? Ferns?

Answer 8

Club mosses-lycophyta phylum, seedless vascular plant
Whisk ferns-tropical, lack roots-leaves, seedless vascular plant
Horsetail-wetlands, leaves grow in whirls around a tubular stem, cells contain silica, seedless and vascular
Ferns-grow underground stems called rhizomes, leaves are called fiddle heads and mature into fronds

Question 9

What is a gymnosperm? Angiosperm? What are the phyla of gymnosperms?

Answer 9

Gymnosperm-seeds are not in a fruit but in a cone
Angiosperm-seeds are in a fruit

Phyla-cycads, ginkgophytas, and conifers

Question 10

Describe a cycad, ginkgophyta, and conifer?

Answer 10

Cycad-palm trees with large cones, tropical areas,
Ginkgo-only one species alive (ginkgo biloba),
Conifer-needlelike leaves

Question 11

What is a 1. cotyledon? 2. Monocot? 3. Dicot?

Answer 11

1. An embryonic leaf inside a seed
2. Embryos have one seed leaf
3. Embryos have 2 seed leaves

Question 12

What are the characteristics of a 1. monocot? 2. Dicot?

Answer 12

1. Parallel veins, flowers in multiples of 3, vascular tissues are scattered (ex. Corn, wheat, rice)
2. Netlike veins, flowers in multiples of 4 and 5, vascular tissues are ringed

Question 13

What are 1. annual flowers? 2. Biennial? 3. Perennial?

Answer 13

1. Mature and die in 1 year
2. Mature and die in 2 years
3. Live a life longer than 2 years

Question 14

What is 1. Ethnobotany? 2. Pharmacology? 3. Salicin? 4. Alkaloids?

Answer 14

1. The study of how culture use plants
2. Study of drugs and their effects on the body
3. Active ingredient in aspirin that derives from Willow trees
4. Potent plant chemicals that contain nitrogen, they interfere with cell division and have anti-cancerous properties

Question 15

What are 1. parenchyma cells? 2. Collenchyma cells? 3. Sclerenchyma cells?

Answer 15

1. They store materials, have thin walls with water filled vacuoles, contain chloroplasts, have the ability to divide throughout their whole life, found in roots and stems
2. Thin-thick walls, very flexible, don’t contain lignin, elongate during plant growth and are found in leaves and shoots
3. Cell wall is hardened by lignin, cant grow, die when they mature, cells walls are left behind when they die which forms wood, found in stems and leaf veins

Question 16

What is 1. dermal tissue? 2. Ground tissue? 3. Vascular tissue?

Answer 16

1. Parenchyma cells that cover the outside of the plant
2. Parenchyma cells that provide support, contains chloroplasts, and stores materials in roots and stems
3. Consists of xylem and phloem

Question 17

What are tracheid cells and vessel elements and where are they found?

Answer 17

Tracheid-long and narrow cells that allow water flow between them

They are non living cells that make of the non living xylem tissues

Question 18

What cells is the phloem made of? What are their roles?

Answer 18

Sieve elements and companion cells.

Companions cells perform functions for sieve elements and transport materials through plasmodesmata

Question 19

What are the 3 steps in the pressure flow model?

Answer 19

1. Sugars move from leaves into phloem
2. Water moves from xylem to phloem through osmosis
3. Sugars move into fruits or roots to be stored

Question 20

What is the 1. apical meristem? 2. What are lateral meristems? 3. Fibrous roots? 4. Taproots?

Answer 20

1. Area of growth that lengthens the root.
2. Area of growth that increases thickness
3. Long, netlike roots
4. Thick, roots, singular

Question 21

What is the 1. Petiole? 2. Axillary bud? 3. Mesophyll? 4. Upper Mesophyll? 5. Lower Mesophyll?

Answer 21

1. Think stalk that connects to the blade. 2. Grows between petiole and stem that marks the end of a leaf
2. Parenchyma tissue in between the two dermal layers
3. Palisade Mesophyll which contains chloroplasts
4. Spongy mesophyll Stomata, transpiration and gas exchange

Question 22

What makes the guard cells open the stomata? What happens when the stomata is open?

Answer 22

Potassium ions accumulate and water flowers to them, changing the guard cells shape causing them to open the stomata,

When open, water evaporates and when more water is transpiring than being gained from roots, the stomata closes

Question 23

What are 1. Hormones? 2. Gibberellins? 3. Ethylene? 4. Phototropism? 5. Thigmotropism? 6. Cytokines?

Answer 23

1. A chemical messenger produced that stimulates or suppresses other cells
2. Produces dramatic increases in size(ending dormancy, germination)
3. Causes ripening
4. Tendency of a plant to grow towards light
5. Plants response to touch(vines growing on anything they touch)
6. Stimulate cytokinesis, produced in roots, seeds, fruits

Question 24

What are 1. Auxins? 2. Tropism? 3. Gravitropism? 4. Photoperiodism?

Answer 24

1. Involved in lengthening cells, less auxin=more growth in side branches and roots, high levels=shoot growth
2. Movement of a plant in response to an environmental stimulus (if a side of a plant is shaded, auxins cause the shaded side to lean towards light)
3. Shoot growing against gravity, root growing into ground
4. Plants adapting to changes in lengths of days and nights