Chapter 22

Question 1

what is an animal

Answer 1

• multicellular
• heterotrophic (eats other organisms)
• internal digestion (vs fungi)
• motility (muscles, nerves, skeletons)

Question 2

are animals monophyletic or polyphyletic

Answer 2

monophyletic

Question 3

who is presumed to resemble animal’s common ancestor

Answer 3

colonial choanoflagellates

Question 4

earliest and simplest animals were:

Answer 4

marine

Question 5

sponges

Answer 5

• lack tissues
• body form is cup shaped
• inner surface composed of choanocytes (flagella beat to draw water through pores to central cavity)

Question 6

diploblastic animals

Answer 6

have 2 body layers, central gastrovascular cavity, noncentralized nerve net, aquatic (body supported by water)

• have ectoderm and endoderm
• ancestral condition

Question 7

jellyfish and comb jellies

Answer 7

• 2 body layers in embryo
• distinct organ systems
• radial symmetry

Question 8

radial symmetry

Answer 8

if you spun around animal, couldn’t tell where she started

-simpler animals

Question 9

more complex animals have…

Answer 9

• 3 embryonic layers

- bilateral symmetry

Question 10

bilateral symmetry

Answer 10

can tell where you started, obvious anterior/posterior ends

• associated with cephalization (concentration of sensory organs and nervous tissues at anterior end)
• more advanced animals

Question 11

types of deuterostomes

Answer 11

chordates and echinoderms

Question 12

types of protostomes

Answer 12

lophotrochozoans and ecydosoans

Question 13

deuterostomes

Answer 13

blastopore becomes anus

-humans

Question 14

protostomes

Answer 14

blastopore becomes mouth
major traits
-anterior brain that surrounds the entrance of the digestive track
-ventral nervous system containing paired or fused longitudinal nerve chords

Question 15

acoelomates

Answer 15

do not have enclosed body cavity

Question 16

pseudocoel

Answer 16

lined with mesoderm, but no mesoderm surrounds internal organs

Question 17

2 major animal clades

Answer 17

protostomes deuterosomes

Question 18

lophotrochozoans

Answer 18

• bryozoans, molluscs, annelids
• common larval form, feeding apparatus
• have a lophophore (feeding structure) and a trochophore (free living larval stage)

Question 19

ecdysozoans

Answer 19

• arthropods, nematoads

- shed exoskeleton to grow

Question 20

deuterostomes

Answer 20

• echinoderms, hemichordates, vertebrates

- mouth forms second

Question 21

most species rich/successful animals

Answer 21

arthropods

Question 22

arthropods

Answer 22

• most complex of ecdysozoans

- success due to body supported by an exoskeleton (chitin) segmented body plan (metameric) and paired jointed apendages

Question 23

types of arthropods

Answer 23

crustaceans, hexapods, myriapods, chelicerates

Question 24

crustaceans

Answer 24

marine, terrestrial

EX: lobster

Question 25

hexapods

Answer 25

terrestrial | ex: grasshopper

Question 26

myriapods

Answer 26

example: myriapods

Question 27

chelicerates

Answer 27

have distinct mouth, body segmentation, 6 legs | ex: horseshoe crab, spiders

Question 28

tardigrades

Answer 28

- limbs not jointed, but still arthropod | - when too dry, shrink up, can survive a decade

Question 29

nematodes

Answer 29

-round worms -no segmentation -scavengers, predators, or parasites EX: trichinella (swine parasite) caenorhabditis elegans (lab animal)

Question 30

molluscs characteristics

Answer 30

- have a foot (locomotion) - internal organs (visceral mass) - mantle (secretes shell)

Question 31

types of molluscs

Answer 31

- gastropods: snail - bivalves: clams - cephalopods: octopus

Question 32

annelids

Answer 32

earthworms, leeches, segmented bodies

Question 33

flatworms

Answer 33

flukes, tapeworms. most are internal parasites. simple bodies that often lack digestive track

Question 34

rotifers

Answer 34

have a ciliated corona- for bringing food into mouth | -for some species, only females no males exist

Question 35

bryozoans

Answer 35

colonial

Question 36

echinoderms symmetry

Answer 36

evolved from bilateral ancestor, but exhibit radial symmetry as adult

Question 37

echinoderms

Answer 37

- most are radially symmetric as adults - larvae are bilaterally symmetric - move and feed using tube feet

Question 38

chordates

Answer 38

- dorsal, hollow nerve chord - postanal tail for locomotion - notochord - pharangeal slit for gas exchange

Question 39

types of chordates

Answer 39

lancets, tunicates, vertebrates

Question 40

important innovation of chordates

Answer 40

gained jaws, ability to chew larger prey and grow larger

Question 41

jawed fish

Answer 41

- cartilaginous fish (sharks, reys) - bony fish (ray finned) - lobe fins

Question 42

most primative tetrapods

Answer 42

amphibians

Question 43

types of amphibians

Answer 43

frogs, salamanders, caecelians (secondarily lost limbs)

Question 44

amphibians

Answer 44

- moist skin (need to stay near water) - require water for eggs (no shell) - wet habitats

Question 45

vertebrate innovations

Answer 45

- internal skeleton - with vertebrae - made of bone vs cartilage - jointed limbs - nares to breathe air - terrestrial limbs - amniotic eggs: withstand dry conditions

Question 46

types of amniotes

Answer 46

reptiles, mammals

Question 47

types of reptiles

Answer 47

turtles, tuataras, squamates (snakes and lizards), crocodilian, dinosaurs and birds

Question 48

reptiles

Answer 48

- amniotic egg provides private pond | - scales (keratin vs bone-derived scales of fish)

Question 49

mammals

Answer 49

- mammary glands - sweat glands - 4 chambered heart - hair - teeth are varied

Question 50

types of mammals

Answer 50

prototherians, marsupials, eutherians

Question 51

prototherians

Answer 51

lay eggs

Question 52

marsupials

Answer 52

newborns move to pouch

Question 53

eutherians

Answer 53

more developed at birth, 20 major groups

Question 54

morphological synapomorphies of animals

Answer 54

extracellular matrix, cell junctions

Question 55

triploblastic

Answer 55

ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm

Question 56

monoblastic

Answer 56

no layers, aka sponges

Question 57

5 key features of body plans

Answer 57

- the symmetry - structure of the body cavity - segmentation of the body - existence and location of external apendages - development of the nervous system

Question 58

primates characteristics

Answer 58

grasping limbs, opposable thumbs, evolved through paleogene and neogene

Question 59

strepsirrhines

Answer 59

wet nosed primates

Question 60

haplorhines

Answer 60

dry nosed primates