What are the purposes of the root system?
- ) Anchors plants
- ) Absorbs water and minerals
- ) Stores photosynthetic products
- ) Branching increases surface area
What are the purposes of the shoot system?
- ) Leaves - main site of photosynthesis
2. ) Stems - support, access to sunlight, connects roots and leaves
What are the two major clades of the angiosperm?
Monocoyledons and Eudicotlydeons
What are the four processes of development for all organisms?
- ) Determination: commitment
- ) Differentiation: specialization of cells
- ) Morphogenesis: organization of cells into tissues
- ) Growth: increase in body size
What are the three properties unique to plant development?
- ) Meristems: produce new roots, stems, leaves, and flowers throughout lifespan
- ) Cell walls: rigid extracellular matrix that anchors cells
- ) Topipotency of most cells: possesses all the genetic information and other capacities necessary to form an entire individual
What are the two organizational axes of angiosperms?
- ) Apical-basal axis: arrangement of cells and tissues along the main axis from root to shoot
- ) Radial: Concentric arrangement of tissue systems
What are the properties of cell division in angiosperms?
- ) Unequal
- ) Directional
- ) Indeterminate
What is embyrogenesis?
The transformation from zygote to connected basal daughter cell and apical daughter cell to connected suspensor and early embryo.
What are the components of the dermal tissue system in plants?
Epidermis:
- ) Stomata: pores for gas exchange
- ) Trichomes - hairs for herbivory or solar protection
- ) Root hairs - increase root surface area
What are the components of the ground tissue system?
- ) Sclerenchyma cells - very thick cell wals with lignin, undergo programmed cell death, but cell walls remain to provide support
- ) Parenchyma - most abundant, large vacuoles, thin cell walls, photosynthesize, store protein and starch
- ) Collenchyma - Elongated, thick cell walls, provide support
What are the components of the vascular tissue system?
- ) Xylem: carries water and minerals from root to rest of plant. Dead when mature.
- ) Tracheids: pits in cell walls allow movement of water
- ) Vessel elements: for a pipeline
- ) Phloem: Transports carbohydrates from production sites for storage or energy. Alive when mature.
- ) Sieve tube elements: meet end-to-end, forming sieve tubes. Lose most cellular components.
- ) Companion cells - connected to sieve tube elements by plasmodesmata and perform phloem’s metabolistic functions
The root apical meristem
Daughter cells on the root tip form the root cap - protects root as it pushes through soil. Detects gravity to grow down.
The roots have three types of tissue called:
- ) Protoderm - epidremis, root hairs
2. ) Ground meristem - cortex, parenchyma cells/
The shoots apical meristem
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The leaves
- ) Determinate - growth stops at maturity
- ) Well adapted - thin and flat, carries out photosynthesis, petiole tracks sun, large gas exchange surface thanks to mesophyll, stomata limit evaporative water loss, export products of photosynthesis to rest of plant.
Secondary growth of wood/bark
- ) Vascular cambium: produces secondary xylem (wood) and secondary phloem (inner bark)
- ) Cork camium: produces waxy walled protective cells; some become outer bark
Which clade has 2^0 growth?
Eudicots
What are the essential macronutrients for normal plant growth?
BLAH
What are the essential micronutrients for normal plant growth?
BLAH
What do soils provide?
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What are the components of soils?
Living components:
Nonliving components:
What are the soil forming factors?
Time, parent material, climate, topogrpahy, and biota
Soil fertility is based on
Partical size, humus (dead oragnic material), and ion exchange (H+ concentration)
What does ion exchange do for the soil of the plant?
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