1
Q
3 functions of Immunity
A
1 recognize/remove abnormal self cells
2 removal of dead/damaged cells
3 protects body fr disease-causing pathogens
2
Q
3 functions of Immunity
A
1 recognize/remove abnormal self cells
2 removal of dead/damaged cells
3 protects body fr disease-causing pathogens
3
Q
2 Primary Lymphoid Tissues
sites where immunity cells form + mature
A
1 Thymus Gland
2 Bone Marrow
4
Q
Secondary Lymphoid Tissues
A
1 Encapsulated Lymphoid Tissues (spleen + lymph nodes)
2 Unencapsulated Diffuse Lymphoid Tissues [skin, MALT (mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues), GALT (gut-associated lymphoid tissue)]
5
Q
Leukocytes
A
- primary immune cells
6
Q
Phagocytic Leukocytes
A
1 Neutrophils (primary phagocyte) 2 Macrophages (primary phagocyte) 3 Dendritic Cells (link innate + adaptive immunity)
7
Q
Antigen-Presenting Cells (APCs)
A
phagocytic cells that return digested antigen peptide to APC membrane combined w MHC class II
- macrophage + dendritic cell
- dendrites w antigen migrates to lymphoid tissues to present the antigen to lymphocytes
8
Q
Antigen-Presenting Cells
A
1 macrophages
2 dendritic cells
9
Q
Basophils
Mast Cells in tissues
A
-release chem that contribute to inflammation + innate immune response
Mast Cells are concentrated in connective tissues of lungs, skin, GI tract)
10
Q
Eosinophil
A
- found in GI tract, lungs, urinary/genital epithelia, + connective tissue of skin
- attach to large antibody-coated parasites and release their granules into them
- allergic rxn - inflammation + tissue damage
11
Q
Neutrophil
A
- phagocytic cells that ingest + kill 5-20 bacterias, release cytokines, chem mediators in inflammatory response
- short lifespan of 1-2 days
- most abundant (50-70% of WBC)
12
Q
Monocytes
A
- monocytes are precursor to macrophages
- spend only 8 hrs in circulation to move fr bone marrow to target tissue
- in tissue, they enlarge + differentiate into Macrophage
13
Q
Macrophage
A
- phagocytic; primary scavengers
- some patrol, some fixed
- larger/more effective than neutrophil (ingest up to 100 bacteria)
14
Q
Lymphocyte
A
- 20-30% of WBC=5%of all lymphocytes
- 95% are found in lymphoid tissues
- secretes CYTOKINES that targets immune + non-immune cells, + sometimes pathogens
15
Q
2 Primary Lymphoid Tissues
sites where immunity cells form + mature
A
1 Thymus Gland
2 Bone Marrow
16
Q
Secondary Lymphoid Tissues
A
1 Encapsulated Lymphoid Tissues (spleen + lymph nodes)
2 Unencapsulated Diffuse Lymphoid Tissues [skin, MALT (mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues), GALT (gut-associated lymphoid tissue)]
17
Q
Leukocytes
A
- primary immune cells
18
Q
6 Types of Leukocytes
never let monkeys eat bananas, Dummy
A
1 Neutrophil 2 Lymphocytes 3 Monocytes (turns into Macrophage) 4 Eosinophils 5 Basophils 6 Dendritic Cells
19
Q
Phagocytic Leukocytes
A
1 Neutrophils
2 Macrophages
3 Dendritic Cells
20
Q
Antigen-Presenting Cells
A
1 macrophages
2 dendritic cells
21
Q
Molecules of Innate Immune Response
A
Chemotaxins (signal moles that attract leukocytes to help)
Opsonins (moles that coat foreign particles to make them visible to phagocytes)
Pyrogens (raise body temp by altering hypothalamic setpoint)
Acute-Phase Proteins (increased concentration of various plasma proteins during the acute/early phase)
22
Q
Eosinophil
A
- found in GI tract, lungs, urinary/genital epithelia, + connective tissue of skin
- attach to large antibody-coated parasites and release their granules into them
- allergic rxn - inflammation + tissue damage
23
Q
Neutrophil
A
- phagocytic cells that ingest + kill 5-20 bacterias, release cytokines, chem mediators in inflammatory response
- short lifespan of 1-2 days
- most abundant (50-70% of WBC)
24
Q
Monocytes
A
- monocytes are precursor to macrophages
- spend only 8 hrs in circulation to move fr bone marrow to target tissue
- in tissue, they enlarge + differentiate into Macrophage
25
Macrophage
- phagocytic; primary scavengers
- some patrol, some fixed
- larger/more effective than neutrophil (ingest up to 100 bacteria)
26
Molecules of Adaptive Immune Response
1 Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)
2 Antibodies
3 T-cell Receptors
27
Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)
- family of membrane protein complexes encoded by a specific set of genes
- proteins combine w peptide fragments of antigens that have been digested w/in the cell; MHC antigen-complex then binds to the surface of the cell so that the antigen is visible. MHC antigen-complex binds w/ T cell immune receptor
- 2 classes
28
T + B lymphocytes
| Maturation
Both are from the bone marrow. T goes to the thymus to mature.
B stays in the bone marrow; can mature to Plasma Cells
29
MHC class II molecules
found promarily on antigen-presenting cells
30
Antonym for Antibodies
Immunoglobulins
globular proteins that participate in adaptive immune responses
31
Clone
group of lymphocytes that bind to that particular antigen.
Each B + T lymphocytes binds only to 1 particular antigen. If a pathogen appears, the clone who's cell receptor match the pathogen quickly reproduces to provide the additional cells
32
Self-Tolerance
the lack of immune response by lymphocytes to the cells of the body so that the individual is not harmed
prevents autoimmune response
33
Hygiene Hypothesis
challenging the immune system early in life streghtens it
34
Acute-Phase Proteins
- increased concentrations of various plasma proteins durint the acute phase (early phase)
- normaly declines to normal as immune phases proceeds
- acts as opsonins (coats particles for phagocytes to see), enzyme inhibitors (to prevent tissue damage), and C-reactive proteins (CRP)
35
C-reactive Proteins (CRP)
acute-phase protein
36
Histamine
- found in granules of Mast Cells/Basophils
- initiates inflammatory response
- brings more leukocytes to injury site by dilating blood vessels to the area + opening pores on capillaries (more proteins leak into interstitial space, water follows, results w swelling)
37
Membrane Attack Complex
group of lipi-solulable proteins
-inserts themselves into cell membranes of pathogens/virus-infected cells; forms giant pores, allows water + ions to flow in; cell/pathogen swell, and lyse
38
Molecules of Adaptive Immune Response
1 Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)
2 Antibodies
3 T-cell Receptors
39
IgE
- targets parasites + associated w allergic rxn
| - mast cells binds w IgE + antigen, initiates degranulation + release chem mediators such as histamine
40
IgM
- associated w early immune response
| - react to antigens found on red blood cells
41
IgD
-appear as receptors on surface of B lymphocytes + help activate B ymphocytes
42
T cell Receptors
- not antibodies
| - binds only to MHC antigen complex
43
Virus
Structure: not cells, nucleic acid core in protein capsid; some have external envelopes
Conditions: needs host to reproduce
Genes: DNA or RNA
Drugs:cant be killed w antibiotics. can be suppressed w antiviral
44
Fc Region
| Antibody Anatomy
- stem of Y shaped Antibody
| - determines the class to which the antibody belongs
45
Hinge Region
| Antibody Anatomy
Between the arms and stem
| allows for flexibility
46
Fab Region
| Antibody Anatomy
- each arm of the Y shaped antibody
| - contains 1 light chain + 1 heavy chain + 1 antigen binding site
47
5 Classes of Antibodies/Immunoglobulins (Ig)
```
IgG
IgA
IgE
IgM
IgD
```
48
IgG
- 75% of plasma antibody in adults
| - in babies, some msternal IgG moves across the placenta to provide a few months of immunity
49
IgA
- found in external secretions like saliva, tears, intestinal + bronchial mucus, + breast milk
- bind to pathogen + flag for phagocytosis if reaches the internal environment
50
Bacteria
Structure: cells w cell wall. no organelles
Conditions: can survive + reproduce outside of host
Genes: singular circular DNA chromosome
Drugs: can be killed/suppresed w antibiotics
51
Virus
Structure: not cells, nucleic acid core in protein capsid; some have external envelopes
Conditions: needs host to reproduce
Genes: DNA or RNA
Drugs:cant be killed w antibiotics. can be suppressed w antiviral
52
BARRIERS: first line of defense
epithelium, glandular secretioin (mucus, antibodies, enzymes), stomach acidity, mechanical removal (mucociliary escalator, tears, cough/sneeze, GI motility)
53
Interferons
interfered w viral replication by promoting synthesis of antiviral proteins
54
Adaptive Immune Response
-antigen-specific response in which body recognized the particular foreign substance + selectively reacts to it
2 types: PASSIVE + ACTIVE IMMUNITY
55
Phagocytes
-engulf + ingest their targets by phagocytosis
-receptor mediated event
-
56
Pathogen-Associated Molecular Pattern (PAMPs)
classes of molecules that are uniqure to microorganisms
-binds to leukocyte's pattern-recognition-receptors + activate responses that attempt to kill or ingest the invader (phagocytosis)
57
Effector Cells
carry out immediate response, then die w/in a few days
| -b cells turn into effector cells which either turn into memory to plasma cells
58
Cytokines + Inflammatory Response
| 3 Roles
1 attract immune cells + chem mediators on site
2 produce physical barrier to retard the spread of infection
3 promote tissue repair once infection is under control
59
PRIMARY IMMUNE RESPONSE
- triggered by initial exposure of a naive lymphocyte clone to its antigen
- activated lymphocyte undergoes clonal expansion creating new EFFECTOR CELLS (some differentiate into plasma cells)
60
Cytokine
-attract additional immune cells, increase capillary permeability (leakage of ions, water follows, results in swelling), cause fever
NK secretes many cytokines like INTERFERONS
61
Interferons
interfered w viral replication by promoting synthesis of antiviral proteins
62
Adaptive Immune Response
-antigen-specific response in which body recognized the particular foreign substance + selectively reacts to it
63
Naive Lymphocytes
- a few cells that represents each clone of lymphocytes at birth
- small # of cells in each naive clone arent enough to fight off foreign invaders
- first exposure to antigen activates appropriate clone to reproduce
64
Antibody Functions
```
1 antigen clumping
2 inactivation of bacterial toxins
3 act as opsonins to tag antigens for phagocytosis
4 trigger degranulation
5 activate complement
6 activate B lymphocytes
```
65
Effector Cells
carry out immediate response, then die w/in a few days
66
Memory Cells
- second/subsequent exposures to the antigen activates MEMORY CELLS to cause rapid clonal expansion;
- quicker/stronger secondary response to antigen than first exposure
- long lived, continues to reproduce itself
67
Lyphocyte Secretions
B CELL > PLASMA CELL secretes ANTIBODIES
T CELL secretes
NK KILLER
68
Plasma Cells
B cells > Plasma Cells; they lose their B cell receptors on their membranes
-begins to secrete antibodies to create HUMORAL IMMUNITY
69
T Lymphocyte subtypes
Cytotoxic T Cells
Helper T Cells
Regulatory T Cells
70
B Cells post immune response
- antibody production becomes slower + lower
- most short-lived plasma cells die off
- a few long-lives plasma cells remain in bone marrow secreting low levels of antibodies for continued immunity
- some B cells become MEMORY B CELLS that stay alive waiting for next reexposure
71
SECONDARY IMMUNE RESPONSE
quicker/larger becomes of memroy cells that remained fr first exposure
72
Antibody Functions
```
1 antigen clumping
2 inactivation of bacterial toxins
3 act as opsonins to tag antigens for phagocytosis
4 trigger degranulation
5 activate complement
6 activate B lymphocytes
```
73
Antibody-Dependant Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity
when NK cells degranulate + destroy anibody-tagged pathogens
-combo of antigen, antibody, +cell receptords trigger degranulation
74
PASSIVE IMMUNITY
- type of adaptive immunity
- when we acquire antibodies made by another organism
ex) transfer of antibodies fr mother to fetus, gamma globulin (antibodies extracted fr donated human plasma)
75
ACTIVE IMMUNITY
- type of adaptive immunity
- occurs when body is exposed to a pathogen + body produces its own antibodies
- can occur naturally or artificially (like w a vaccine of dead/disabled pathogens)
76
VACCINE
altered pathogen that no longer harms the host, can be recognized as foreign by immune cells
-triggers a creation of memory cells specific to that pathogen so that if the person is exposed, then memory cells can produce stronger + faster secondary immune response.
77
Cytotoxic T Cells
responsible for cell-mediated immunity that defends the body against inracellular pathogens
-once pathogen gets inside a host cell, antibodies are not longer effective (can only bind to exposed antigens)
78
Cytotoxic T Cells induce apoptosis in 2 ways
1. release cytotoxic pore-forming molecules called PERFORIN along w GANZYMES
2. activate Fas (death receptor protein) on target cell membrane
79
GRANZYMES
- enzymes related to the digestive enzymes trypsin and chymotrypsin
- when granzyes enter perforin channels, they activate apoptosis
80
Helper T Cells
- binds to immune cells that display foreign antigen in MHC II complexes to activate Helper T Cells to secrete CYTOKINES
- does not directly attack pathogens + infected cells
81
Regulatory T Cells
- binds to MHC II complexes to suppress immine cell functions
- helps prevent excessive immune resonse
-does not directly attack pathogens + infected cells
82
Complement System
componenets of the bacterial cell wall are antigens that activate the complement system:
- acts as opsonins
- cause degranulation of mast cells w histamine release
- acts as chemotaxins
- form membrane attack complex molecules that insert themselves into the wall of unencapsulated bacteria (creates influx of ions, water follows, cell lyses)
83
Viral Infection INTRACELLULAR DEFENSE
T lymphocytes + NK cells becomes the main defense against intracellular viruses
84
Allergy
inflammatory immune response to nonpathogenic antigen
- allergic response can range fr mild tissue damage to fatal rxn
- strong genetic component - If parents have a specific allergy, their children are likely to have the same
85
Allergen
an antigen that is typically not harmful to the body
86
Sensitivity/Hypersensitivity
immune response in allergies
87
Immediate Hypersensitivity Rxn
mediated by antibodies and occur w/in minutes of exposure to allergens
88
Delayed Hypersensitivity Rxn
mediated by Helper T Cells + Macrophages
- may take days to develop
- includes contact allergies to copper, and other base metals
89
Anaphylaxis
mose severe IgE-mediated allergic rxn
-increase in mast degranulation >increase in histamine levels>vasodilation, circulatory collapse, and sever bronchoconstriction
+must be treated w EPINEPHRINE in 20 mins
90
Human Leukocyte Antigens (HLA)
| aka MHC proteins
- tissue graft/transpplant is likely to be succesful if the donor + recipient share HLA antigens
- incompatible matches trigger antibody production, activates cytotoxic + helper T cells
91
ABO Blood groups
O - no A/B antigens; has anti A anti B antibodies in plasma
A - A antigens; anti B antibodies in plasma
B - B antigens; anti A antibodies in plasma
AB - AB antigens; no antibodies in plasma
92
Rhesus D Blood Groups
Rh+ has D antigen
Rh- no D antigen
-someone who is Rh- that is exposed to foregin D antigen, will makke D antibodies
93
Hemolytic Disease of Newborn aka Ertyhroblastosis Fetalis
blood type incompatibilies w mother + fetus due to blood transfer
94
Immune Sytem Pathologies
1 Incorrect Response - autoimmune disease
2 Overreactive Response - allergies/ hypersensitivity
3 Lack of Response - immunodeficiency disease when some component of immune system fails
95
Autoimmune Disease
when the body makes antibodies against its own components though T-cell-activated Blymphocytes
-results w body attacking itself
ex) diabetes mellitus - body makes islet cell antibodies that destroys pancreatic beta cells.
hyperthyroidism of Grave's disease - leads to oversecretion of thyroid
96
Immune Surveilance
abnorml cells are detected by the immune system and destroyed before they spread
97
Neuroimmunomodulations aka
| Psychoimmunology
study of brain - immune interactions
PHYS 261
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