Chapter 24: Memory Systems

Question 1

Declarative vs nondeclarative:

Answer 1

D– facts and events

N– procedural memory is the main type; skills, habits, and behaviors

Question 2

Nondeclarative memory subtypes:

Answer 2

1. procedural memory– skills habits (striatum)
2. classical conditioning
   2a. skeletal musculature (cerebellum)
   2b. emotional responses (amygdala)

Question 3

[…] is a temporary form of storage that is limited in capacity and requires rehearsal.

Answer 3

working memory

Question 4

Amnesia:

Answer 4

loss of memory and/or ability to learn

Question 5

What are some diseases or injuries that can cause amnesia?

Answer 5

1. concussion
2. chronic alcoholism
3. encephalitis
4. brain tumor
5. stroke

Question 6

Dissociated amnesia:

Answer 6

amnesia is not accompanied by any other cognitive deficients

Question 7

Following trauma to the brain, memory loss can manifest itself in what two ways?

Answer 7

1. retrograde amnesia

2. anterograde amnesia

Question 8

Retrograde amnesia:

Answer 8

memory loss for events before the trauma

Question 9

Anterograde amnesia:

Answer 9

inability to form new memories following brain trauma

Question 10

In clinical cases of amnesia which type is more prevalent?

Answer 10

actually a mixture of the two (retrograde and anterograde)

Question 11

Transient global amnesia (3):

Answer 11

1. shorter period of time; few minutes or few days
2. sudden onset of anterograde and often accompanied by retrograde amnesia
3. left with a permanent memory gap

Question 12

What are some of the causes to transient global amnesia –besides trauma/toxins/diseases (5)? Why?

Answer 12

1. seizures
2. physical stress
3. drugs
4. cold showers
5. sex

anything that reduces blood supply to the brain (cerebral ischemia)

Question 13

Engram is also known as […].

Answer 13

memory trace

Question 14

Engram:

Answer 14

physical representation or location of memory

Question 15

Cortical lesions on memory performance:

The experiments ran on mice completing a maze led to discovering what things about size and location of lesions?

Answer 15

1. SIZE correlated with severity of deficits
2. LOCATION
   all cortical regions are involved in learning the maze

lesions might change the reliance on another sensory system to solve the task

Question 16

Cell assembly:

Answer 16

simultaneous excitation of internal cells by an external stimulus (serve for sensory and memory)

Question 17

After monkeys are trained to perform visual discrimination, what occurs when a lesion is made in the inferotemporal cortex? Why?

Answer 17

WHAT: no longer able to perform task

WHY: IT both a visual area and involved in memory storage

Question 18

Recordings made from IT neurons suggest that this region may encode memories of […].

Answer 18

faces

Question 19

Bird experts and car experts view pictures of both birds and cars which activates […].

Answer 19

areas of extrastriate visual cortex

Question 20

What may be the site of long-term memory storage?

Answer 20

temporal neocortex

Question 21

What is the effect of a temporal lobectomy on memory?

Answer 21

“psychic blindness” object recognition related to memory function

Question 22

HM case study:

Answer 22

epileptic patient who underwent surgery that resulted in severe anterograde amnesia

Question 23

Important regions of the medial temporal lobe associated with formation of declarative memories

Answer 23

1. entorhinal cortex
2. perirhinal cortex
3. parahippocampal cortex

Question 24

Inputs to the medial temporal lobe come from the […], containing […] information from […] sensory modalities.

Answer 24

association areas of the cerebral cortex; highly processed; all

Question 25

List pathway of information flow through the medial temporal lobe:

Answer 25

cortical association areas --- parahippocampal and rhinal cortical areas --- hippocampus --- [fornix] --- thalamus, hypothalamus

Question 26

If there is severe damage to the medial temporal lobe what can occur?

Answer 26

severe anterograde amnesia

Question 27

Delayed non-match to sample (DNMS):

Answer 27

sample stimulus (placing shape in well for reward) delay interval old object as well as displace the new object (displacement of both non-matching/matching object to get reward)

Question 28

What type of memory is required for DNMS?

Answer 28

recognition memory ** it involves the ability to judge whether a stimulus has been seen before

Question 29

If a DNMS test subject had bilateral medial temporal lesions could they learn? Why or why not?

Answer 29

yes only if the delay interval was a few seconds subjects experience anterograde amnesia so declarative memory and consolidation are impaired

Question 30

RB case:

Answer 30

bilateral HPC damage that resulted in anterograde amnesia (not as severe as HM case)

Question 31

The most severe memory deficits result from damage to the [...] cortex.

Answer 31

perirhinal

Question 32

T/F: Anterograde amnesia resulting from perirhinal damage is specific to information from a particular sensory modality.

Answer 32

false; there is a convergence of input from association cortex of multiple sensory systems

Question 33

Medial temporal structures are critical for the [...] of memory.

Answer 33

consolidation

Question 34

What are the three regions of the diencephalon in the processing of recognition memory?

Answer 34

1. anterior nuclei (thalamus) 2. dorsomedial nuclei (thalamus) 3. mamillary bodies (HPT)

Question 35

HPC output is through a bundle known as the [...]. Most of these axons project to the [...]. These neurons project out to the [...] of the thalamus.

Answer 35

fornix; mamillary bodies; anterior nucleus

Question 36

The dorsomedial nucleus of the [...] also receives input from [...] lobe structures, including the [....] and [...] neocortex. And it projects to virtually all of the [...] cortex.

Answer 36

thalamus; temporal; amygdala; inferotemporal; frontal

Question 37

Large midline thalamic lesions in monkeys produce relatively severe deficits on the DNMS task. Why?

Answer 37

1. lesions damage anterior and dorsomedial nuclei of the thalamus 2. produces retrograde degeneration in mammillary bodies

Question 38

NA case:

Answer 38

lesion in left dorsomedial thalamus that led to severe anterograde amnesia and retrograde amnesia (2 years preceding incident)

Question 39

Based on the NA and HM case what can be concluded for memory consolidation?

Answer 39

both medial temporal and diencephalic regions are interconnected and serve for memory consolidation

Question 40

Korsakoff's syndrome (2):

Answer 40

1. brain damage typically in the dorsomedial thalamus and mammillary bodies 2. characterized by confusion, confabulations, severe memory impairment, apathy

Question 41

What type of amnesia can occur due to Korsakoff's syndrome?

Answer 41

anterograde as well as severe retrograde amnesia

Question 42

Important role of medial temporal lobes:

Answer 42

declarative memory processing or consolidation

Question 43

The hippocampus is involved in diverse memory functions in addition to... (3)

Answer 43

1. declarative memory formation 2. spatial/location memory 3. working memory

Question 44

What demonstration shows the role of the hippocampus?

Answer 44

radial arm maze and Morris water maze

Question 45

Place cells:

Answer 45

location memory cells respond at a particular location/field based on visual stimuli and navigation

Question 46

Hippocampal activation occurs in a task of [...]. Caudate activation is thought to reflect [...].

Answer 46

spatial navigation; movement planning

Question 47

How is the working memory impaired by HPC damage?

Answer 47

rats were able to avoid arms with no food but still not remember which arms they had recently visited

Question 48

Relational memory:

Answer 48

highly processed sensory information comes into the HPC and memories are formed in a manner that links all the things happening at the time

Question 49

Nondeclarative memory is the involvement of the [...].

Answer 49

striatum

Question 50

[...] + [...] = striatum

Answer 50

caudate nucleus; putamen

Question 51

Standard radial arm maze performance depends on the [...]. Modified radial arm maze performance depends on the [...].

Answer 51

declarative memory; procedural memory

Question 52

Procedural memory occurs in two categories of learning:

Answer 52

1. non associative learning | 2. associative learning

Question 53

What are the types of non associative learning?

Answer 53

1. habituation: learning to ignore a stimulus that lacks meaning 2. sensitization: form of learning that intensifies your response to all stimuli, even ones that previously evoked little or no reaction

Question 54

Associative learning:

Answer 54

behavior altered by formation of associations between events

Question 55

Types of associative learning:

Answer 55

1. classic conditioning | 2. instrumental conditioning

Question 56

Classical conditioning:

Answer 56

pairing of a US with a CS

Question 57

Instrumental conditioning:

Answer 57

associate a response with a meaningful stimulus

Question 58

How long is the temporary storage of the working memory?

Answer 58

seconds

Question 59

Memory consolidation:

Answer 59

process of converting STM to LTM

Question 60

List all types of amnesia: Which one is common, which is rare?

Answer 60

1. dissociated amnesia (rare) 2. limited amnesia (common) 3. retrograde amnesia 4. anterograde amnesia 5. transient global amnesia

Question 61

Function of the prefrontal cortex:

Answer 61

1. self-awareness | 2. capacity for planning and problem solving

Question 62

What test can demonstrate problems associated with prefrontal cortical damage?

Answer 62

Wisconsin card-sorting test

Question 63

Lateral intraparietal cortex (area LIP): Stimulation of this area would cause...

Answer 63

involved in guiding eye movements saccades