allopatric speciation
geographic isolation restricts gene
flow between populations
sympatric speciation
a reproductive barrier isolates a subset of a population without geographic separation from the parent species
…. can result from polyploidy, habitat
differentiation, or sexual selection
Sympatric speciation
hybrid zone
is a region in which members of different species mate and produce hybrids
Hybrids are the result of mating
between species with incomplete reproductive barriers
punctuated equilibria
to describe periods of apparent stasis punctuated by sudden change