Chapter 25

Question 1

What are the 4 cystic disorders?

Answer 1

1. Autosomal Dominant polycystic kidney disease
2. Autosomal Recessive polycystic kidney disease
3. Nephronophthsis
4. Medullary Cystic kidney disease

Question 2

Cystic disorders can either be __ or ___

Answer 2

genetic or acquired

Question 3

Simple cysts are from:

Answer 3

destruction or reduction of blood flow to the renal cortex

Question 4

Acquired renal cysts are from:

Answer 4

ppl that are on long term dialysis and have chronic kidney disease.
*in ppl over 50 yrs old

Question 5

Autosomal Dominant:

Answer 5

• mutation in PKHD1 and PKDH2 gene
• adult onset
• main symptom: HEMATURIA, PROTEINURIA
• bubble like cysts on nephrons that lead to renal failure

Question 6

Autosomal Recessive

Answer 6

• PKHD1 mutation
• cysts form on JUST the collecting ducts of nephrons
• onset in infants/children
• Mainly PROTEINURIA, liver fibrosis, portal hypertension
• deadly- disease progresses quickly

Question 7

What are the 2 types of Immune Mechanisms: Glomerular Disease

Answer 7

1. Antiglomerular membrane Antibodies- not attached to antigen
2. Circulating antigen-antibody complex deposition: bound and deposited.

Question 8

Circulating antigen-antibody complex deposition can be a result of what common virus?

Answer 8

strep throat- travels through body and gets stuck in glomerulus. WBC attack glomerulus bc it’s lodged

Question 9

Nephronitis and Medullary Cystic disease affects what part of the glomerulus?

Answer 9

medullary tubules

Question 10

Glomerular Damage can be seen as 3 changes in cells:

Answer 10

1. Proliferative- # of cells increase
2. Membranous- basement membrane thickens
3. Sclerotic- ECM increases

Question 11

Nephritic vs Nephrotic disease:

Answer 11

Nephritic: hematuria, mild proteinuria, ^BP, Azotemia
* acute onset- caused by inflammation

Nephrotic: Proteinuria, Hypoalbuminemia, severed edema

       * at risk for atheroscelorsis
       * problems with clotting and bleeding (albumin)

Question 12

Disorders of Glomerular Function:

Answer 12

1. Acute Nephritic Syndrome
2. Rapidly Progressive Glomerulonephritis
3. Nephrotic Syndrome

Question 13

presence of nitrogensou wastes in the blood, oliguria, and hematuria are all categorized as:

Answer 13

excess wastes in the blood

Defined as: Azotemia

Question 14

Nephritic syndromes:

Answer 14

1. Acute Postinfectious Glomerulonephritis
2. Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis
3. Goodpasture disease

Question 15

a proliferative inflammatory response with Azotemia, oliguria, and hematuria as main symptoms:

Answer 15

Acute Postinfectious Glomerulonephritis

Question 16

This disease has no evident cause and can be attributed to immune response (lupus). It develops rapidly and creates an influx of immune cells into glomerulus, causing deposits that obstruct flow.

Answer 16

Rapidly Progressie Glomerulonephritis

Question 17

This Nephritic syndrome specifically causes rapid pulmonary hemorrhage and renal failure

Answer 17

Good Pasture Syndrome

Question 18

T or F

Those with Nephrotic syndrome are less responsive to drugs?

Answer 18

True

• nephrotic syndrome is a severe loss of protein (proteinuria)
• there is no protein to bind to the drug gets excreted fast

Question 19

Patients with Nephrotic syndrome are more likely to get___.

Answer 19

Atherosclerosis
- deficiency of albumin in blood triggers liver to produce more of it. This amps up LDL production, this creates atherosclerotic buildup over time.

Question 20

A lack of albumin in blood supply creates what:

Answer 20

• edema

- increased free drug

Question 21

Excess proteins in urine means the blood has less what in it?

Answer 21

• clotting and anticoagulant factors
• binding proteins (hormones and ions)
• immunoglobulins
• albumin

Question 22

How do you diagnosis renal disease?

Answer 22

renal biopsy

Question 23

Chronic Pyelonephritis is caused by:

Answer 23

• malformation of ureter entry way into bladder (flap or angle)
• recurring kidney infection due to obstruction

Question 24

Pyelonephritis is caused by:

Answer 24

kidney infection
Acute- usually from bacterial infection, cleared up with antibiotics

Chronic- recurring infections, usually due to malformation of ureter flap or entrance into bladder, trapping infection into bladder
*treatment-remove obstruction, fix malformation

Question 25

Obstruction disorders:

Answer 25

1. Hydronephrosis- fluid caused expansion of renal tubules (caused by obstruction) 2. Renal Calculi- solid formations that physically block renal tubules

Question 26

Consequences of dilation of renal tubules or tract (Hydronephrosis)

Answer 26

1. increased pressure inside renal capsule 2. Compartment syndrome: compresses blood vessels 3. Renal Ischemia ^

Question 27

Consequences of renal tubules obstruction (renal calculi)

Answer 27

1. stasis of urine 2. risk of infection 3. stone formation from bacteria colonizations

Question 28

Renal Calculi theories: (3)

Answer 28

1. Saturation theory 2. Matrix theory 3. Inhibitor theory

Question 29

4 types of renal calculi:

Answer 29

1. Calcium stones 2. Magnesium ammonium phosphate stones 3. uric acid stones 4. cystine stones

Question 30

acute, intermittent and excruciating pain from kidney stones

Answer 30

Renal collic

Question 31

uric acid stones are associated with:

Answer 31

gout | -from too fatty of a diet (uric acid from high purine diet)

Question 32

in renal ___, the kidneys don't develop to normal size

Answer 32

hypoplasia

Question 33

Renal ___ is due to an abnormality in the differentiation of kidney structures during embryonic development.

Answer 33

dysplasia