Chapter 26

Question 1

phylogeny

Answer 1

evolutionary history of a species/group of species

Question 2

Systematics

Answer 2

discipline focused on classifying organisms and determining their evolutionary relations

Question 3

Hierarchical classification (Linnean system)

Answer 3

Species (pantera pardus), genus(Panthera), family(feidae), order(carnivora), classes(mammalia), phyla(chordata), kingdoms(aminalia), domains (eukarya)

Question 3

Binomial

Answer 3

two part format of sceintific name eg. panthera pardus

Question 4

Taxon

Answer 4

named group of any level of hierarchy

Question 5

Phylogenetic tree

Answer 5

evolutionary history of a group of organisms diagram

Question 6

Branch point

Answer 6

reps common ancestor of 2 evolutionary lineage diverging from it

Question 7

Evolutionary lineage

Answer 7

sequence of ancestor organism leading to spec descent taxon

Question 8

Sister taxa

Answer 8

Groups of organisms that share an immediate common ancestor not shared by any other group

Question 9

Rooted

Answer 9

branch point within the tree (drawn farthest to left) represents the most recent common ancestor of all taxa in the tree

Question 10

Basal taxon

Answer 10

lineage that diverges from other members of its group early in history

Question 11

Homologies

Answer 11

phenotypic/genetic similarities due to shared ancestry, e.g., number of bone & arrangement of bones in forelimbs

Question 12

Annology

Answer 12

Convergent evolution occurs when similar environmental pressures/natural selection produce similar adaptations from different ancestry

Question 13

Cladistics

Answer 13

common ancestry is the primary criterion used to classify organisms

Question 14

Clades

Answer 14

groups that each include ancestral species and all of its descendants

Question 15

Monophyletic

Answer 15

taxon is equilvalent to a clade

Question 16

Paraphylertic

Answer 16

consists of an ancestral species and some (not all) descendents)

Question 17

Polyphyletic

Answer 17

distantly related species but does not include their most recent common ancestor

Question 18

shared ancestral character

Answer 18

originated in an ancestor taxon, e.g., mitochondria

Question 19

Shared derived character

Answer 19

evolutionary novelty unique to a clade, e.g., hair in mammals (not found in ancestors)

Question 20

outgroup

Answer 20

species/group of species from an evolutionary lineage closely related but not part of the species of study

Question 21

Ingroup

Answer 21

same as the outgroup, but it includes the species of study

Question 22

Maximum parsimony

Answer 22

First, investigate the simplest explanation that is consistent with the facts

Question 23

Maximum likelihood

Answer 23

Identifying the tree most likely to have produced a given set of DNA data based on probability rules could be based on DNA sequence change over time

Question 24

Phylogenetic bracketing

Answer 24

Predict features shared by two groups of related organism present in common ancestor/all descendents

Question 25

2 type sof homologous genes

Answer 25

Orthologous genes and paralogous genes

Question 26

Orthologous genes

Answer 26

Homology results from a speciation event therefore b/w genes found in diff species, e.g., proteinj genes in humans and dogs are orthologus

Question 27

Paralogous genes

Answer 27

Homogogy results from gene duplication; therefore, multiple copies of these genes have diverged from one another within a species

Question 28

Molecular clock

Answer 28

measuring the absolute time of evolutionary change based on the observation that same genes/regions of the genome appear to evolve at a constant rate