Chapter 26

Question 1

Yuan Dynasty

Answer 1

Dynasty in China set up by the Mongols under the leadership of Kublai Khan, replaced the Song (1279-1368)
- ignored Chinese political and cultural traditions

Question 2

Ming Dynasty

Answer 2

Succeeded Mongol Yuan dynasty in China in 1368 - lasted until 1644

• initially mounted huge trade expeditions to southern Asia and elsewhere, but later concentrated efforts on internal development within China
• sought to erase signs of Mongol influence and restore traditional ways to China

Question 3

Hongwu

Answer 3

First Ming emperor in 1368

• originally of peasant lineage
• drove out Mongol influence
• restored position of scholar-gentry

Question 4

Great Wall

Answer 4

Precedents dates back to 4th century bce

• first emperor of Qin dynsasty ordered construction during 3rd century bce
• Ming-dynasty Project

Question 5

Emperor Wanli

Answer 5

Ming emperor who refused to meet with government officials

• indulged his taste for wine
• conducted BYU’s was through eunuch intermediaries

Question 6

Eunuchs

Answer 6

Found favor with Ming empire Roa by procuring concubines for them and providing amusement
- as influence increased corruption and inefficiency spread throughout government and weakened Ming state

Question 7

Manchus

Answer 7

Northeast Asian peoples who defeated the Ming Dynasty and founded the Qing Dynasty in 1644 - which was the last of China’s imperial dynasties

Question 8

Nurhaci

Answer 8

united the Manchu tribes into a centralized stare, promulgated code of laws and organized powerful military force in the early 17th century

• defeated the Ming and established the Qing dynasty
• preserves own ethnic and cultural identity by outlawing intermarriage between Manchus and Chinese and forbade Chinese from traveling to Manchuria and learning Manchuria language

Question 9

Emperor Kangxi

Answer 9

Fourth emperor of Qing dynasty - studied Confucian classics and sought to apply teachings through his policies

• also conquered and oversaw construction of vast Qing empire (conquered islands of Taiwan, conquests in Mongolia and Central Asia extended almost to Caspian Sea, imposes Chinese protectorate over Tibet)
• sought to forestall problems with nomadic peoples by projecting influence throughout central Asia

Question 10

Emperor Qianlong

Answer 10

Kangxi’s grandson, continued expansion of Chinese influence

• sought to consolidate Kangxi’s conquests by maintaining military garrisons in eastern Turkestan
• encouraged merchants to settle there hoping it would stabilize region
• his reign marked height of Qing dynasty
• so much wealth that in four occasions he canceled tax collections

Question 11

Son of Heaven

Answer 11

Title of the ruler of China, first known from the Zhou dynasty
- acknowledges the ruler’s position as intermediary between heaven and earth.

Question 12

Scholar-Bureaucrats

Answer 12

Scholar-officials that were civil servants appointed by the emperor of China to perform day-to-day governance

• required to pass civil service exams - highly educated in Confucianism
• dominated China’s political and social life

Question 13

Civil Service Exam

Answer 13

In Imperial China starting in the Han dynasty
- an exam based on Confucian teachings used to select people for various government service jobs in the nationwide administrative bureaucracy

Question 14

Filial Piety

Answer 14

In Confucian thought, one of the virtues to be cultivated, a love and respect for one’s parents and ancestors

Question 15

Foot Binding

Answer 15

Practice in Chinese society to mutilate women’s feet in order to make them smaller

• produced pain and restricted women’s movement
• made it easier to confine women to the household
• began in Song Dynasty but became popular in late Ming and Qing dynasties
• became most widespread in wealthy class
• helped strengthen patriarchal authority in Chinese families during Ming and Qing dynasties

Question 16

Foreign trade

Answer 16

Global trade brought prosperity to China (particularly in early Qing dynasty)

• Chinese produced silk, porcelain, lacquerware and tea
• silk industry was especially well organized
• compensation for exports was primarily silver bullion which supported silver-based Chinese economy and fueled manufacturing

Question 17

Yongle

Answer 17

Chinese Ming emperor who pushed foreign exploration and promoted cultural achievements such as the Yongle Encyclopedia
- sponsored series of seven maritime expeditions led by Zheng He

Question 18

Zheng He

Answer 18

An imperial eunuch and Muslim
- entrusted by the Ming emperor Yongle with a series of seven state voyages that took his gigantic ships through the Indian Ocean, from Southeast Asia to Africa

Question 19

Merchants

Answer 19

Bottom level of Confucian social hierarchy

• enjoyed little legal protection and government policy was always critically important to their pursuits
• yet often garnered official support for enterprises leading to blurred distinction between merchants and gentry

Question 20

Guangzhou

Answer 20

a coastal city in southeastern China, also known as Canton

- houses official merchant guild

Question 21

Zhu Xi

Answer 21

(1130-1200) Most prominent of neo-Confucian scholars during the Song dynasty in China
- stressed importance of applying philosophical principles to everyday life and action

Question 22

Neo-Confucianism

Answer 22

A philosophy that emerged in Song-dynasty China

• it revived Confucian thinking while adding in Buddhist and Daoist elements
• was official ideology of Tokugawa bakufu by early eighteenth century

Question 23

Nestorian Christianity

Answer 23

Branch of Christianity popular in Asia (spread via Silk Roads) which emphasized the human nature of Christ
- had established churches and monasteries in China as early as seventh century CE

Question 24

Matteo Ricci

Answer 24

Founder of the mission to China

• Italian Jesuit who had the ambitious goal of converting China to Christianity, beginning with Ming emperor Wanli
• Brilliant learned man as well as polished diplomat
• his mastery of Chinese language and literature opened doors for other Jesuits

Question 25

Jesuits in China

Answer 25

Series of Jesuit missionaries in the late sixteenth and seventeenth centuries who, inspired by the work of Matteo Ricci, made extraordinary efforts to understand and become a part of Chinese culture in their efforts to convert the Chinese elite - had limited success - made Europeans science and technology known to China and made China known to Europe

Question 26

Tokugawa Shogunate

Answer 26

a dynasty of shoguns that ruled a unified Japan from 1603 to 1867 - sought to lay foundation for long term political and social stability and provided generous support for neo-Confucian studies

Question 27

Tokugawa Ieyasu

Answer 27

1534-1616, founder of the Tokugawa Shogunate which lasted from 1603 to 1867 and reunified Japan - established Tokugawa bakufu in 1600 - him and his descendants ruled Tokugawa dynasty until its end in 1867

Question 28

Daimyo

Answer 28

Powerful territorial lords who ruled most of Japan from hereditary landholdings - shotguns sought to control them - 260 or so daimyo functioned as near-absolute rulers within their domains

Question 29

Policy of "Alternate Attendance"

Answer 29

Policy instituted by shoguns that required daimyo to maintain their families at Edo and spend every other year at Tokugawa court - enabled Shoguns to keep eye on daimyo

Question 30

Edo

Answer 30

Tokugawa capital city - modern-day Tokyo - center of the Tokugawa shogunate

Question 31

Ukiyo

Answer 31

Aka "floating worlds" - centers of Tokugawa urban culture (entertainment and pleasure quarters)

Question 32

Ihara Saikaku

Answer 32

One of the Tokugawa era's best fiction writers and most prolific poets - helped create new genre of prose literature

Question 33

Francis Xavier

Answer 33

panish Jesuit - traveled to Japan in 1549 - opened mission to seek converts to Christianity

Question 34

Christovao Ferreira

Answer 34

Head of Jesuit mission in Japan who gave up Christianity due to Japanese anti-Christian campaign that tortured and executed European missionaries who refused to leave the islands - adopted Buddhism