Biology 1407 > Chapter 28 Protists > Flashcards

Chapter 28 Protists Flashcards

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1
Q

Protists are classified into _________

A

Supergroups

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2
Q

Describe protists

A

Eukaryotes
Most unicellular, some colonial, some multicellular

Polyphyletic group

More structural and functional diversity than any other group of eukaryotes

Single celled protists can be very complex

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3
Q

What are the different modes of nutrition in protists?

A
  • heterotrophs (absorb organic molecules and ingest larger food particles)
  • photoautotrophs (contain chloroplast, algae and euglena)
  • mixotrophs (combine photosynthesis and heterotrophic nutrition)
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4
Q

How do you protists reproduce?

A

Some reproduce asexually only

  • binary fission
  • schizogony

Some have sexual reproduction

  • sporic life cycle
  • gametic life cycle
  • conjugation
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5
Q

Schizogony

A

Form of asexual reproduction in protists, Multiple mitosis (makes daughter cells called meroxoties)

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6
Q

The exchange of genetic material between the same species, forms a temporary union, when they separate they are genetically different from the original organism

Micronuclei are exchanged

Form of sexual reproduction

A

Conjugation

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7
Q

What are the four supergroups of eukaryotes?

A

Excavata
SAR
Archaeplastida
Unikonta

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8
Q

The plastid-bearing lineage of protists evolved into….

A

Red and green algae

-the DNA of plastid genes in red algae and green algae closely resemble the DNA of cyanobacteria

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9
Q

On several occasions during eukaryotic evolution, red and green algae underwent ___________, in which they were ingested by a heterotrophic eukaryote

A

Secondary Endosymbiosis

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10
Q

The super group is characterized by its cytoskeleton

  • some members have a feeding groove
  • modified mitochondria
  • unique flagella
A

Excavata

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11
Q

What does the supergroup excavata include?

A
  • diplomonads
  • parabasalids
  • euglenozoans
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12
Q

Part of the supergroup excavata, Lack plastids, have modified mitochondria, and most live in anaerobic environments

  • two equal sized nuclei
  • mitosomes- reduces mitochondria and no ETC
  • multiple flagella
  • derive energy from anaerobic biochemical pathways
  • often parasites
A

Diplomonads

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13
Q

Part of the supergroup excavata

Causes parasite giardia (uses adhesion disks that causes nutrient malabsorption)

Also includes trichonympha that inhabits the guts of termites

A

Diplomonads

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14
Q
  • Protozoan-flagellated
  • fecal-oral route

Cysts (dormant) release trophozoites (metabolically active form) —> sm intestine —> attaches to wall (adhesion discs) —> inflammation, diarrhea, blacks abs of nutrients

A

Giardia intestinalis

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15
Q

Part of the supergroup excavata

Hydrogenosomes (mitochondria)

  • reduced Mitochondria
  • generate some energy anaerobically

Trichomonas vaginalis

A

Parabasalids

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16
Q

Name of the mitochondria in parabasalids

Releases hydrogen metabolically

A

Hydrogenosomes

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17
Q

STD, causes vaginitis, strong odor, itchy, discharge, strawberry appearance on cervix, dysuria

A

Trichomoniasis

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18
Q

part of the supergroup excavata

  • predatory heterotrophs
  • photosynthetic autotrophs
  • parasites
  • **Spiral or Crystalline rod of unknown function inside their flagella

Clade- kinetopladtids and euglenids

A

Euglenozoans

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19
Q

Supergroup excavata

  • **Single huge mitochondrion called kinetoplast
  • Some free-living consumers of prokaryotes
  • parasites (trypanosoma) include sleeping sickness and Chagas’ disease (hard to treat, use bait-and-switch defense)
A

Euglenozoans- kinetoplastids

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20
Q

Excavata, euglenozoans, kinetoplastids

Bait-and-switch defense

  • invade immune system responses by switching surface proteins
  • A cell produces millions of copies of a single protein
  • The new generation produces millions of copies of a different protein
  • these frequent changes prevent the host from developing immunity
A

Trypanosomes

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21
Q

Parasitic disease of the nervous system that’s transmitted by the tsetse fly

Fatal if untreated do to cells being robbed of glucose

A

African trypanosomiasis

African sleeping sickness

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22
Q

Parasite caused by reduviid bug “kissing bug”

Acute- Romania’s sign
Chronic-mega esophagus, megacolon, and congestive heart failure

Seen in Mexico, central and South America

A

American trypanosomiasis:

Chaga’s disease

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23
Q

Supergroup excavata

Flagella that emerge from a pocket at one end of the cell

Has chloroplasts and an eyespot ti detect light

Mixotrophic

A

Euglenozoans- Euglenids

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24
Q

This super group includes

  • stramenopiles
  • Alveolates
  • Rhizarians
A

The SAR clade

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25
SAR supergroup - phototrophs - most have a “hairy” flagellum paired with a “smooth” flagellum - they include diatoms, golden algae,brown algae
Stramenopiles
26
Supergroup SAR - largest group of eukaryotic algae - unicellular - producers in fresh and saltwater environments - unique two-part, glass-like wall of silicon dioxide - diatomaceous earth (pool filter, organic gardening)
Stramenopiles- diatoms
27
What are the number one producers in the ocean?
Diatoms
28
SAR group - yellow and brown carotenoids - cells of golden algae (typically biflagellated) - photosynthetic (some mixotrophs) - most are unicellular but some are colonial
Stramenopiles- golden algae
29
Supergroup SAR - largest and most complex algae - all are multicellular, and most are marine - include many species commonly called “seaweeds” - some edible by humans ex:align-thickening agent
Stramenopiles- brown algae
30
What group shows the most similarities to plants? ``` Giant Seaweeds call kelps live in deep parts of the ocean Structures: Holdfast- helps it adhere to surfaces Stipe- like a stem Blades- like leafs ``` Do not have the tissue and organs plants have
Brown algae
31
____________ generations are structurally different, while ____________ generations look similar
Heteromorphic Isomorphic
32
A variety of life cycles have evolved among the multicellular algae The most complex life cycles include an _____________, The alteration of multicellular haploid and diploid forms Haploid and diploid stages are multicellular
Alteration of generations
33
In alteration of generations, the diploid ___________ produces haploid flagellated spores called ___________ The zoospores develop into haploid male and female ___________, which produce gametes
Sporophyte, zoospores Gametophytes
34
In alteration of generations, fertilization of gametes results in a diploid zygote, which grows into a new __________
Sporophyte
35
In alteration of generations what do gametophytes produce?
Gametes!
36
What’s an example of alteration of generations? Their spores have flagella, called zoospores
Life cycle of brown algae
37
Part of the SAR supergroup Have membrane-bounded sacs (alveoli) just under the plasma membrane This Group includes - dinoflagellates - apicomplexans - ciliates
Alveolates
38
Part of the supergroup SAR - two flagella - each cell is reinforced by cellulose plates - abundant components of both marine and freshwater phytoplankton - they are a diverse group of aquatic phototrophs, mixotrophs, and heterotrophs These are the #2 producers in the ocean
Alveolates- dinoflagellates
39
Known as the toxic “red tides” Releases neurotoxins that can be fatal
Dinoflagellate blooms
40
part of the SAR supergroup - parasites of animals some cause serious human diseases (at least two hosts!) - spread through their hosts as infectious cells called sporozites - The Apex (contains a complex of organelles specialized for penetrating host cells and tissues) - have sexual and asexual stages that require two or more different host species for completion
Alveolates- apicomplexans
41
- Disease that causes malaria - Requires to host to complete its lifecycle(mosquitoes and humans) - sexual and asexual reproduction - the disease causes cells to lyse, fever, chills
Plasmodium SAR —> alveolates —> apicomplexans
42
Part of the SAR supergroup - named for their use of cilia to move and feed - nuclei (large macronuclei and small micronuclei) - reproduce by conjugation (results in genetic variation, two individuals exchange haploid micronuclei) sexual process
Alveolates- ciliates Ex: paramecium
43
Part of the SAR supergroup ***threadlike pseudopodia(for movement) -algae can live in their forams tests (porous shell)
Rhizarians (think radiate outward)
44
In this supergroup most are photosynthetic Includes red algae, green algae, and land plants * land plants are descended from green algae
Supergroup Archaeplastida
45
Supergroup archaeplastida Land plants are descended from...
Green algae
46
Supergroup archaeplastida * most are multicellular “seaweeds” - Red appearance due to distinctive phycoerythrin pigments - food, industrial and scientific materials (agar, carageenan) - Can grow in deep waters
Red algae
47
Supergroup archaeplastida Can absorb light in deep water, allows blue and green light to penetrate
Red algae
48
Supergroup archaeplastida - named for their grass-green chloroplasts - cells contains some type of plastids and photosynthetic pigments that are present in land plants - plants are descended from this group - wide variety
Green algae
49
What are the two main groups of green algae?
- chlorophytes | - charophyceans (most closely related to land plants)
50
Lifecycle of chlamydomonas, a unicellular chlorophyte
-
51
Supergroup that... -includes animals, fungi, and some protists -this group includes two clades: •ameobozoans •opisthokonts (animals, fungi, and related protists)
Supergroup unikonta
52
What two clades does the supergroup unikonta include?
Amoebozoans Opisthokonts (animals, fungi, and related protists)
53
Part of the supergroup unikonta - amoeba - lobe or tube-shaped, rather than threadlike, pseudopodia Include - slime molds - tubulinids - entamoebas
Amoebozoans
54
Unikonta —> amoebozoans What are the two types of slime molds?
Plasmodia slime molds Cellular slime molds
55
Unikonta —> amoebozoans - Many species brightly pigmented, usually yellow or orange - not multicellular, undivided by plasma membrane and contain many diploid nuclei - it extends pseudopodia through decomposing material, engulfing food by phagocytosis (heterotrophs)
Plasmodial slime molds
56
Unikonta —> amoebozoans Plasmodia slime molds Grows in a mass called __________ Mitosis but no cytokinesis (big blob)
Plasmodium
57
Unikonta —> amoebozoans - Form multicellular aggregate in which cells are separated by their membranes - cells feed individually, but can aggregate to form a fruiting body - these have cytokinesis, many cells together -Dictyostelium discoideum is an experimental model for studying the evolution of multicellularity
Cellular slime molds
58
_________________ is an experimental model for studying the evolution of multicellularity
Dictyostelium discoideum
59
Supergroup unikonta - unicellular - lobe or tube-shaped pseudopodia (how they move) - most are heterotrophic and actively seek and consume bacteria and other protists
Tubulinids
60
supergroup unikonta - parasites of vertebrae’s in some invertebrates - entamoeba histolytica causes amoebic dysentery (diarrhea with blood) - The third leading cause of human death due to eukaryotic parasites
Entamoebas
61
Causes amoebic dysentery (diarrhea with blood) Third leading cause of human death due to eukaryotic parasites
entamoeba histolytica
62
Includes animals, fungi and several groups of protists Chanoflagellate protists - features distinctive collar surrounding flagella - modern protist most related to the common ancestor of animals
Clade opisthokonts
63
How do protists play a role ecologically?
- are found in diverse aquatic environments - Often play the role of symbioant or producer - dinoflagellates nourish coral polyps - wood digesting protists protists digest cellulose in the gut of terminates
Biology 1407
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