KIN 260 > Chapter 28 - Reproductive System > Flashcards

Chapter 28 - Reproductive System Flashcards

(84 cards)

Study These Flashcards
1
Q

gametes

A

sex cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

gametes (sex cells) combine their genes to form ?

A

fertilized egg - **zygote **

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Primary Sex Organs

A

produce gametes (testes & ovaries)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Secondary Sex Organs

A

male - **ducts, glands, penis **delivers sperm cells

female - **uterine tubes, uterus & vagina **recieve sperm & nourish developing fetus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

secondary sex characteristics

A

develop at puberty to attract a mate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Chromosomes

A

our cells contain 23 pairs of chromosomes

22 pairs of **autosomes - **non-sex chromosomes

1 pair of sex chromosomes

XY **males - **XX females

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

sex of child determined by?

A

type of sperm that fertilizes mother’s eff

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

**Gonads **begin to develop at __ weeks

(2) sets of ducts

A

6 weeks

**mesonephric - **develop into male reproductive system

**paramesonephric - **develop into female reproductive tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

SRY gene

in males, codes for?

A

sex-determining region of Y gene

in males, codes for **protein that causes developement of testes → secrete testosterone → mullerian-inhibiting factor → **degenerates paramesonephric ducts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Female development occurs in absence of?

A

SRY

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

External genitals of male & female embryos remain undifferentiated until about ___ weeks

both have same (3) structures

A

8

1) urogenital folds
2) genital tubercle
3) labitoscrotal swelling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

1) urogenital folds
2) genital tubercle
3) labitoscrotal swelling

A

1) MALE - enclose urethra

FEMALE - form labia minora

2) M: glans of penis

F: clitoris

3) scrotum or labia majora

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Gonads of male - **testes **

A

produce sperm & secrete hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

**System of ducts **in male testes

A

transport & store sperm. assist in their maturation, convey them to exterior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Sperm:

Seminiferous tubules → ?…

A

straight tubules → rete testis → efferent ducts in epididymis → ductus epididymis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Function of Epididymis

A

sperm maturation & storage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

From epididymis, sperm travels to…

A

Vas deferens (ductus deferens) (part of spermatic cord) → ejaculatory ducts → urethra

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Accessory sex glands (3)

A

add secretions to semen

seminal vesicles, prostate & bulbourethral glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Accessory sex glands

  • seminal vesicles
A

help neutralize acidic environment of male urethra & female reproductive tract by secreting alkaline fluid

  • fructose for ATP production

60% of sperm volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Accessory sex glands

  • Prostate
A

slightly acidic fluid

for ATP production, proteolytic enzymes to break down clotting (eventually) from seminal vesicle

antibiotic to destroy bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Accessory sex glands

  • bulbourethral glands
A

alkaline fluid

protects sperm by neutralizing acids from urine in urethra

secrete mucus - lubricates end of penis & urethra lining,

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Scrotum

A

supporting structure for **testes **

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

**raphe **of scrotum

A

external median ridge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

1) Scrotal septum

2) Cremaster muscle

A

1) internally divides scrotum into two sacs, each containing a single testis

made up of subQ layer & muscle tissue - **dartos muscle **(smooth muscle)

2) series of skeletal muscle bands associated with each testis in scrotum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
**Testes ** 1) tunica vaginalis 2) tunica albuginea
1) serous membrane partially covering testes 2) internal - white fibrous capsule extends inward & divides testis into **lobules **which contain **seminiferous tubules **that produce sperm
26
(2) types of cells in **seminiferous tubules **
**1) spermatogenic cells - **sperm-forming cells **2) sertoli cells- **functions in supporting spermatogenesis
27
**Spermatagonia **( __ \_\_\_) develop from __ \_\_\_ cells that arise in ___ \_\_ and enter testes in __ week of developement
(sperm cells) primordial germ cells yolk sac 5th
28
toward lumen of seminiferous tubule are layers of progressively more mature cells. In order of advancing maturity:
primary spermatocytes → 2ndary spermatocytes →spermatids →sperm cells
29
Sertoli cells
embedded among spermatogenic cells extend from basement membrane to lumen - nourish, phagocytize xs cytoplasm, control movements, & release of sperm into lumen produce fluid for sperm transport secrete inhibin & regulate effects of testosterone & FSH
30
**Leydig (interstitial) cells**
found in spaces between seminiferous tubules secrete testosterone
31
Sperm 1) Head 2) Tail
1) **nucleus** with 23 chromosomes **acrosome** - vesicle filled with oocyte penetrating enzyme (for fertilization) 2) **neck** - contains centrioles forming microtubules that comprise remainder of tail **middle piece - **contains mitochondria **principal piece - **longest portion of tail **end piece - **terminal, tapering portion of tail
32
Spermatic cord
ascends out of scrotum includes ductus deferens
33
Ejaculatory ducts terminate in \_\_\_
prostatic urethra
34
Urethra subdivided into (3)?
1) prostatic 2) membranous 3) spongy (penile) ends at e**xternal urethral orifice**
35
Penis
contains urethra passageway for ejaculation of semen & excretion of urine **Body of Penis** **Glans Penis** **Prepuce (foreskin) ** **Root **
36
**Body of penis**
3 cylindrical masses of tissue with erectile tissue
37
**Glans penis**
terminal opening is external urethral orifice
38
**Prepuce **
aka **foreskin** covers glans in uncircumsized men
39
**Root of penis**
attached proximal portion consists of **bulb **& **crura**
40
Female reproductive system
gonads - ovaries uterine (fallopian) tubes (oviducts) uterus vagina external organs - vulva or pudendum mammary glands
41
Ovaries
analagous to **testes** produce **gametes** - 2ndary oocytes that develop into mature **ova (eggs) **after fertilization
42
Series of ligament hold **ovaries **into place (3)
**1) broad ligament - **part of parietal peritoneum **2) ovarian ligament - **anchors ovaries to uterus **3) suspensory ligament - **attaches ovaries to pelvic wall
43
Histology of ovary - consists of? (7)
1) germinal epithelium 2) tunica albuginea 3) ovarian cortex 4) ovarian medulla 5) ovarian follicles 6) mature (graafian) follicles 7) corpus luteum
44
1) germinal epithelium 2) tunica albuginea 3) ovarian cortex 4) ovarian medulla 5) ovarian follicles 6) mature (graafian) follicles 7) corpus luteum
1) covers ovary surface 2) whitish capsule of dense irregular CT 3) **ovarian** **follicles** surrounded by **stromal** **cells** 4) contains blood vessels, lymphatic vessels & nerves 5) in cortex, consists of **oocytes **in various stages of development surrounding cells nourish developing oocyte (**follicular -\> granulosa cells) **& secrete estrogens as follicle grows 6) large, fluid-filled, ready to expel 2ndary oocyte - **ovulation** 7) contains remnants of mature follicle after ovulation - produces progesterone, estrogens, relaxin, inhibin until it degenerates into fibrous scar tissue (**corpus albicans**)
45
**Uterine (fallopian tubes) **or **oviduct**
extend laterally from uterus provide route for sperm to reach ovum transport 2ndary oocytes & fertilized ova from ovaries to uterus
46
parts of the **Uterine (fallopian) tube **
Infundibulum fimbrae ampulla isthmus
47
Parts of **Uterine (fallopian) Tube** Infundibulum Fimbrae Ampulla Isthmus
funnel shaped portion, **infundibulum **close to ovary & open to pelvic cavity - ends in finger-like **fimbrae**, one of which is attached to lateral end of ovary **ampulla - **widest longest portion **isthmus -** more medial, narrow, thick-walled portion that joins uterus
48
Histology of **Uterine tubes** (3) layers
1) mucosa 2) muscularis 3) serosa
49
Histology of **Uterine tubes** (3) layers 1) mucosa 2) muscularis 3) serosa
1) epithelium & lamina propria, **ciliary conveyer belts **help move fertilized ovum toward uterus & **peg cells **that nourish ovum 2) inner, thick, circular smooth muscle ring & outer, thin, longitudinal smooth muscle region, also help move ovum toward uterus 3) serous membrane
50
**Uterus ** anatomical subdivisions (3)
1) fundus 2) body 3) cervix **isthmus - **constricted region b/w uterus body & cervix
51
Uterine cavity
interior of body of uterus
52
cervical canal
interior of cervix
53
cervical canal opens into uterine cavity at __ \_\_\_ and into vagina at __ \_\_\_
cervical canal opens into uterine cavity at **internal os** and into vagina at **external os**
54
Anteflexion of uterus
normally, body of uterus project anteriorly & superiorly over urinary bladder (called **anteflexion**)
55
Several ligaments maintain position of uterus (4)
1) broad 2) uterosacral - connect to sacrum 3) cardinal (lateral cervical) 4) round
56
Histology of **Uterus** **(3) **layers
1) perimetrium 2) myometrium 3) endometrium
57
Histology of **Uterus** **(3) layers** 1) perimetrium 2) myometrium 3) endometrium
1) part of visceral peritoneum - **broad** **ligament** (laterally), **vesicouterine pouch **(anteriorly), **rectouterine pouch **(posteriorly) 2) middle layer - 3 layers of smooth muscle labor → oxytocin from posterior pituitary **→** help expel fetus 3) two layers -**stratum basalis **(*basal layer) *- permanent, gives rise to new **stratum functionalis** (*functional layer)* lines uterine cavity & sloughs off during menstration
58
Blood supply to **Uterus **
internal iliac a. → uterine a. → arcuate a. → radial a. → straight (**stratum** **basalis**) + spiral arterioles (**stratum** **functionalis**) → uterine v. → internal iliac v.
59
Cervical mucus
alkaline secretion produced by secretory cells of mucosa that is more hospitable to sperm near ovulation but otherwise impedes sperm at other times. function in **capacitation - **functional changes in sperm before they are able to fertlize 2ndary oocyte
60
Vagina
fibromuscular canal extending from exterior of body to uterine cervix acidic environment
61
Histology of Vagina (2) layers
1) muscularis 2) adventitia
62
Histology of **Vagina** ## Footnote 1) muscularis 2) adventitia
1) outer circular layer, inner longitudinal layer of smooth muscle 2) superficial layer of areolar CT that **anchors vagina to adjacent organs **
63
Hymen of **Vagina**
thin fold of vascularized mucous membrane forming border around & partially closing **vaginal orifice **
64
**Vulva (pudendum) **
external genitals of female
65
components of **Vulva (5) **
1) mons pubis 2) labia majora 3) labia minora 4) clitoris 5) vestibule 6) bulb of vestibule
66
Components of **Vulva** ## Footnote 1) mons pubis 2) labia majora 3) labia minora 4) clitoris 5) vestibule 6) bulb of vestible
1) adipose tissue covered by skin & pubic hair 2) homologous to **scrotum ** - oil & sweat glands 3) homologous to **spongy (penile) urethra - **only few sweat but many oil glands 4) **prepuce & glans clitoris - **(*glans penis) * 5) betwen labia minora - (*membranous urethra) * 6) *(corpus spongiosum & bulb of penis) *
67
Perineum contains?
diamond-shaped area medial to thighs & butt of males & females contains **external genitalia & anus**
68
Breast/Mammary glands
**nipple **has openings of **lactiferous ducts ** **areola - **pigmented area **mammary gland **- modified sudoriferous (sweat) glands that produce milk **lobes **divided into **lobules** which are composed **alveoli **(milk-secreting glands)
69
When milk is being produced it passes from ___ to...
alveoli → secondary tubules → mammary ducts → lactiferous sinuses → lactiferous duct (lobe → exterior)
70
Ovarian cycle
series of events in ovaries that occur during & after maturation of an oocyte
71
Uterine (menstrual) cycle
concurrent series of changes in endometrium of uterus to prepare for arrival of fertilized ovum that will develop there after birth
72
Female reproductive cycle encompasses...
ovarian & uterine cycles, hormonal changes that regulate them & related cyclical changes in breasts & cervix
73
What controls the ovarian & uterine cycles?
**Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) **secreted by hypothalamus
74
**Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) **stimulates?
release of **follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) **and **luteinizing hormone (LH) **from anterior pituitary.
75
**1) Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) ** ** 2) Luteinizing hormone (LH) ** stimulate?
1) initiates follicular growth 2) stimulates further development of ovarian follicles **BOTH **stimulate ovarian follicles to secrete **estrogens. **
76
Functions of **Estrogens ** secreted by?
promote development & maintence of female reproductive structures & sex characteristics & breasts **ovarian follicles **
77
1) GnRH 2) FSH & LH 3) estrogens 4) progesterone 5) relaxin 6) inhibin **produced by? function?**
1) **hypothalamus - **controls ovarian & uterine cycles 2) **anterior pituitary - **follicular growth & further development, stimulate ovarian follicles to secrete **estrogens** 3) **ovarian follicles - **develop/maintain female repro. structures & sex characteristics 4) **cells of corpus luteum - **prep/maintain endometrium for implantation & mammary glands for milk secretion, inhibit **GnRH + LH** 5) **corpus luteum - **inhibits myometrium contractions (relax uterus) 6) **granulosa cells **of growing follicles & **corpus luteum - **inhibits FSH secretion & LH
78
Phases of Female Reproductive Cycle (4)
1) menstrual 2) preovulatory 3) ovulation 4) postovulatory
79
1) menstrual phase
first 5 days **IN OVARIES: **FSH → primordial f. → 1º f. →2º f. **IN UTERUS:** ↓ progesterone & estrogens → ↑ prostaglandins → uterine spiral arteries constrict → endometrium shedding
80
## Footnote 2) preovulatory phase
days 6-13 in 28 day cycle **UTERINE** **CYCLE** - proliferative phase (endometrium is proliferating) **IN OVARIES: **2 f. secrete estrogens & inhibin → dominant follicle → ↓ FSH → mature (graafian) follicle **IN UTERUS: **estrogens stimulate repair of endometrium
81
3) ovulation
day 14 high estrogens levels at end of preov. phase exert **positive feedback effect **on cells that secrete LH & GnRH ↑ estrogens → ↑ **GnRH** + ↑ **LH** ↑ GnRH → ↑**FSH ** ↑ LH → rupture of mature (graafian) follicle & release of 2ndary oocyte into pelvic cavity
82
Follicular phase
with reference to ovarian cycle, **menstrual + preovulatory phase** because ovarian follicles are growing & developing
83
4) postovulatory phase
lasts 14 days (day 15-28) **IN ONE OVARY: **luteal phase (ovarian cycle) blood clot, LH → theca interna + granulosa → corpus luteum cells not fertilized: corpus luteum → corpus albicans fertilized: 2ndary oocyte divides & corpus luteum persists **IN UTERUS: **thickening of endometrium, **Secretory phase **(uterine cycle) - secretory action of endometrial glands
84
**Hormone cycle:** hierarchy of control?
hypothalamus → pituitary → ovaries → uterus
KIN 260
flashcards
Decks in class (20)
# Cards
Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2026 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions