Chapter 3

Question 1

Cardiorespiratory System

Answer 1

A system of the body composed of the cardiovascular & respiratory systems

Question 2

Cardiovascular System

Answer 2

A system of the body composed of the heart, blood & blood vessels; transports the blood from the heart to the tissues of the body

Question 3

Heart

Answer 3

A hollow muscular organ that pumps a circulation of blood through the body by means of rhythmic contraction

Question 4

Mediastinum

Answer 4

The space in the best between the lungs that contains all the internal organs of the chest except the lungs; the heart is contained here

Question 5

Cardiac Muscle

Answer 5

1 of the 3 major muscle types in the body (skeletal 7 smooth); It is an involuntary muscle, meaning it cannot be consciously controlled; has a presence of “interglated discs” which are irregularly spaced dark bands between cardiac cells

Question 6

Electrical Conduction System

Answer 6

It is what stimulates the mechanical myocardial cells to contract in a rhythmic pattern; It consists of specialized cells that allow an electrical signal to be transmitted from the S.A. thru both atria & down into the ventricles; sends an electrical signal rapidly throughout all the cardiac cells

Question 7

Sinoatrial (S.A.) Node

Answer 7

The “pacemaker of the heart”; a specialized area of cardiac tissue located in the right atrium of the heart that initiates the electrical impulses that determine the heartrate

Question 8

Atrioventricular (A.V.) Node

Answer 8

A small mass of specialized cardiac muscle fibers located in the wall of the right atrium of the heart, that receives heartbeat impulses from the S.A. node and directs them to the walls of the ventricles

Question 9

Right of the Heart

Answer 9

“The Pulmonic Side”; Receives blood from the body that is low in O2 and high in CO2 (deoxygenated) & pumps it to the lungs & back to the left atria

Question 10

Left of the Heart

Answer 10

“The Systematic Side”; Pumps blood high in O2 & low in CO2 (oxygenated) to the rest of the body

Question 11

Atrium

Answer 11

The superior chambers of the heart that receive blood from the veins & force it into the ventricles

Question 12

Venticle

Answer 12

The inferior chambers of the heart that receive blood from the corresponding atrium & force it into the arteries

Question 13

Stroke Volume (S.V)

Answer 13

The amount of blood pumped out of the heart with each contraction

• the “end-diastolic volume” (E.D.V) is the filled volume of the ventricle before contraction
• the “end-systolic volume” (E.S.V) is the residual volume of blood remaining in the ventricle after ejection
• Average E.D.V = 120 mL; Average E.S.V = 50 mL; the difference of 70mL is the S.V.

Question 14

Heart Rate (H.R)

Answer 14

The rate at which the heart pumps; measured in beats per minute (bpm)

• the average is 70/80 bpm

Question 15

Cardiac Output (Q)

Answer 15

HR x SV; the overall performance of the heart

Question 16

Blood

Answer 16

Fluid that circulates in the heart, arteries, capillaries & veins; carries nutrients & oxygen to all parts of the body & also rids the body of waste products

• it consists of PLASMA (55% of it) which consists nutrients like glucose, hormones & clotting agents

Question 17

How many kinds of cells are there in blood & what are they?

Answer 17

1. Red Blood Cells - carry oxygen from lungs throughout the body
2. White Blood Cells - help fight infection
3. Platelets - help with clotting
   * These all make up 45% of blood

Question 18

What are the 3 primary functions of blood within the body?

Answer 18

1. Transportation
   - transports oxygen & nutrients to tissue
   - transports waste products from tissue
   - transports hormones to organs & tissue
   - carries heat throughout the body
2. Regulation
   - regulates body temperature & acid balance in the body
3. Protection
   - protects body from excessive bleeding by clotting
   - contains specialized immune cells to help fight disease & sickness

Question 19

Blood Vessels

Answer 19

Network of hollow tubes that circulates blood throughout the body

3 MAJOR TYPES OF BLOOD VESSELS

1. Arteries
2. Capillaries
3. Veins

Question 20

Capillaries

Answer 20

The smallest blood vessels and the site of exchange of chemicals & water between the blood & body tissues

Question 21

Arteries

Answer 21

Vessels that transport blood awayyy from the heart

• Largest artery = AORTA
• Medium arteries = CARTOID, SUBCLAVIAN, MESENTERIC, RENAL & ILIAC
• Smaller artery = ARTERIOLES

Question 22

Arterioles

Answer 22

Small terminal branches of an artery which end in capillaries

Question 23

Veins

Answer 23

Vessels that transport blood from the capillaries toward the heart

Question 24

Venules

Answer 24

The smaller veins that connect capillaries to the larger veins

Question 25

Respiratory System

Answer 25

A system of organs (the lungs & respiratory passageways) that collects oxygen from the external environment & transports it to the blood stream; AKA "the pulmonary system" *It's primary role is to ensure proper cellular function

Question 26

Respiratory Pump

Answer 26

Composed of skeletal structures (bones) and soft tissues (muscles) that work together to allow proper respiratory mechanics to occur & help pump blood back to the heart during inspiration

Question 27

What does the respiratory pump consist of?

Answer 27

1. Bones - sternum, ribs, vertebrae 2. Muscles Inspiration - diaphragm, external intercoastals, scalenes, sternocleidomastoid, pectoralis minor 3. Expiration - internal intercoastals, abdominals

Question 28

Inspiration

Answer 28

"INHALING"; The process of actively contracting the inspiratory muscles to move air into the body; it occurs in 2 forms: 1. Normal resting state (quiet) breathing - uses primary respiratory muscles; i.e. diaphragm & external intercoastals 2. Heavy (deep, forced) breathing - uses additional use of respiratory muscles; i.e. scalenes pectoralis minor

Question 29

Expiration

Answer 29

"EXHALING"; The process of actively or passively relaxing the inspiratory muscles to move air out of the body; can be active or passive - ACTIVE - expiratory ventilation relies on the activity of expiration muscles to compress the thoracic cavity & force air out - PASSIVE - relaxation of the contracting inspiration muscles

Question 30

The respiratory passages are split into what?

Answer 30

1. Conducting Airways - Nasal cavity - Pharynx - Trachea - Oral cavity - Larynx - Bronchioles - Right & left pulmonary bronchi 2. Respiratory Airways - Alveoli - Alveolar sacs

Question 31

Diffusion

Answer 31

The process of getting oxygen from the environment to the tissues of the body

Question 32

What is the "equation for oxygen consumption" known as?

Answer 32

The "Fick Equation"; VO2 = Q x a - VO2 difference - VO2 = O2 consumption - Q = cardiac output (HR x SV) - VO2 difference = arterial - venous difference

Question 33

Resting O2 consumption is approximately how many mL of O2 per kilogram body weight per minute?

Answer 33

3.5 mL

Question 34

What may be the best measure of cardio respiratory fitness?

Answer 34

Maximal oxygen consumption

Question 35

Maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max)

Answer 35

The highest rate of oxygen transport & utiliztion achieved at maximal physical exertion