Chapter 3

Question 1

do not create levels of an independent variable nor randomly assign subjects to these levels.

Answer 1

nonexperimental approaches

Question 2

They are used where experiments are not ethical or possible, or where we want to test hypotheses in realistic conditions.

Answer 2

non experimental approaches

Question 3

is the degree to which a researcher can establish a causal relationship between the independent and dependent variables.

Answer 3

internal validity

Question 4

An _________ experiment allows us to draw cause-and-effect conclusions.

Answer 4

internally valid

Question 5

might rely on an experimenter’s private experiences or other experiential data:

Answer 5

empirical phenomenology