Parasitology > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the first line of defense (innate immunity)?

A
  • intact skin
  • mucous membranes + their secretions
  • normal microbiota
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2
Q

what is the second line of defense (innate immunity)?

A
  • natural killer cells + phagocytic white blood cells
  • inflammation
  • fever
  • antimicrobial substances
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3
Q

what is the third line of defense (adaptive immunity)?

A
  • specialized lymphocytes (T and B cells)
  • antibodies
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4
Q

What is CBC?

A
  • complete blood count
  • a blood test used to evaluate your overall health + detect a wide range of disorders
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5
Q

_____% of all body cells are RBC.

A

84%

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6
Q

What do pluripotent stem cells split into?

A
  • myeloid stem cell
  • lymphoid stem cell
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7
Q

what are the granular leukocytes (white blood cells)?

A
  • mast cells
  • eosinophils
  • basophils
  • neutrophil
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8
Q

what are the agranular leukocytes (white blood cells)?

A
  • monocyte
  • t cell
  • b cell
  • natural killer cell
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9
Q

How are the granules in granular leukocytes seen?

A

with Wright stain

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10
Q

Neutrophils are _____-______% of total WBC population

A

50-70%

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11
Q

What do eosinophils are?

A

phagocytes attracted to foreign compounds that have reacted with antibodies

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12
Q

what do basophils do?

A

migrate to damaged tissue and release histamine and heparin

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13
Q

What does Agranular leukocytes mean?

A

no granules seen with Wright stain

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14
Q

what do monocytes become?

A

macrophage

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15
Q

What do lymphocytes include?

A

T cells, B cells, and NK cells

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16
Q

what do B cells produce?

A

antibodies (humoral immunity) larger than T cells

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17
Q

what are T cells?

A

cell-mediated immunity

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18
Q

What is the percentage and average number of neutrophils?

A

60-70% / 4150

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19
Q

What is the percentage and average number of lymphocytes?

A

20-25% / 2185

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20
Q

What is the percentage and average number of macrophages?

A

3-8% / 456

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21
Q

What is the percentage and average number of eosinophil?

A

2-4% / 165

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22
Q

What is the percentage and average number of basophils?

A

0.5-1% / 44

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23
Q

what is the normal range of white blood cells?

A

4,500 - 11,000

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24
Q

What does a high neutrophil count reveal?

A

bacteria infection

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25
what does a high lymphocyte count reveal?
viral infection or toxoplasmosis infection
26
what does a "signet ring" inside RBCs reveal?
malaria infection
27
what does a high eosinophil count reveal?
worm parasite infection
28
what does a high basophil count reveal?
tick infection
29
what does a high number of eosinophils and large immature platelets in blood clotting reveal?
COVID-19
30
what is phagocytosis?
Ingestion of microbes or particles by a cell
31
What type of white blood cell is always phagocytic?
neutrophils
32
What type of white blood cell is sometimes phagocytic?
eosinophils
33
What type of white blood cell is phagocytic as mature macrophages?
monocytes
34
Where are fixed macrophages located?
lungs, liver, bronchi (wandering macrophages roam tissues)
35
What is an example of occupation of privileged site in RBC?
Plasmodium vivax in RBC
36
what is an example of occupation of privileged site in WBC?
Leishmania (protozoan parasite)
37
What diseases involve parasites invading spleen, liver, and lymph nodes?
Leishmaniasis, Malaria, Babesiosis, Schistosomiasis, Toxoplasmosis
38
What is the function of the spleen?
filters RBCs and WBCs
39
describe acquired immunity (specific)
developed during an individual's lifetime
40
describe humoral immunity
involves antibodies made by B cells (in body fluids)
41
describe cell-mediated immunity
involves T cells
42
Describe IgM's major attributes
- Largest of Antibodies - Principal component of 1° response - First to arrive - shortest stay
43
Describe IgG's major attributes
- Most abundant - Stays longest - Principal component of 2 response from vaccine - enhances phagocytosis
44
Describe IgA's major attributes
- Found mainly in secretions, such as mucous, tears, saliva, milk - Numerous in respiratory infections
45
What does G.O.D. mean?
(generator of diversity) Expressing the ability of the body’s ability to manufacture whatever defense is needed
46
What is the general shape of antibodies or immunoglobulins (Ig) + what do they do?
Y-shaped proteins that recognize unique markers (antigens) on pathogens
47
Describe IgD's major attributes.
- Assist B-Cell response facilitates maturation of the Secret Service antibody response - Antigen receptor on B-Cells - Some functions of IgD are not known; it is a “secret.”
48
Describe IgE's major attributes.
- Mainly involved with multicellular (worm) parasitic infections; Works with eosinophils - Also Involved with airborne allergens/ allergies
49
what are the beneficial effects of parasitism?
- hygiene hypothesis - helminth thereapy
50
what is the definition of disease?
the appearance of clinical symptoms
51
what determines the severity of a disease?
intensity of infection = (# parasites per host)
52
what is the microbial deprivation hypothesis?
the proper development of the animal immune system depends on continuous exposure to a variety of antigens, among them are bacteria and parasites. Studies have found an inverse relationship between some autoimmune diseases & parasitic diseases
53
what is adaptive immunity?
defenses that target a specific pathogen
54
what is the primary response in adaptive immunity?
first time the immune system combats a particular foreign substance
55
what is the secondary response in adaptive immunity?
- later interactions with the same foreign substance - faster and more effective due to "memory
56
What is the new malaria vaccine?
R21
57
what does the antibody structure "store"?
the pathogen's specificity
58
what is immunological memory?
occurs after the second exposure to an antigen
59
what is antibody titer?
the relative amount of antibody in the serum
60
Parasitology
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