Chapter 3

Question 1

Anatomy is the study of

Answer 1

structures of the body and the relationship of these structures to one another

Question 2

Physiology is the

Answer 2

branch of biology that is concerned with the functions of organisms and bodily structures

Question 3

Three physiology subsystems are involved in swallowing and speech production:

Answer 3

the respiratory system, laryngeal system, upper airway system

Question 4

The respiratory system

Answer 4

moves air into and out of the body like a mechanical pump for life-sustaining processes like gas exchange, coordination with swallowing, as well as providing the driving force for speech production

Question 5

The laryngeal system

Answer 5

air valve that serves to protect the lower airways from foreign substances and functions as a sound generator for speech production

Question 6

The upper airway system

Answer 6

airways above the larynx that serve an important role in feeding/swallowing resonance and articulation

Question 7

The respiratory systems primary biological function is to

Answer 7

supply oxygen to the blood and remove excess carbon dioxide from the body (automatic process)

Question 8

Trachea

Answer 8

air pipe, made up of 16 cartilage rings that are closed in the front and open in the back with smooth muscle in between the cartilage and forming the back wall (tissue allows both flexibility and support); in front of esophagus

Question 9

Bronchi

Answer 9

branches off for 20 generations, the bottom of trachea splits into two main branches (right and left), then continues to divide

Question 10

Structures of the respiratory consists of

Answer 10

the pulmonary apparatus, chest wall, alveoli, lungs

Question 11

The pulmonary apparatus includes

Answer 11

trachea and bronchi

Question 12

Alveoli

Answer 12

small sacs at the end of the final/smallest bronchi which contain capillaries; where gas exchange occurs

Question 13

Lungs

Answer 13

two lobes on the left, three lobes on right, cannot move on their own and rely on chest wall movement

Question 14

Chest wall includes

Answer 14

rib cage, abdominal wall and abdominal contents, diaphragm

Question 15

Diaphragm

Answer 15

divides the upper (thorax or chest) and lower (abdomen or belly) cavities of the torso (two cavities), large dome-shaped muscle that attaches along the lower margins of the rib cage

Question 16

In a relaxed state, diaphragm is shaped like

Answer 16

an inverted bowl, middle portion extends somewhat upward

Question 17

When contracted, diaphragm

Answer 17

flattens out with the middle portion lowering

Question 18

Swallowing usually occurs during the

Answer 18

expiratory phase of the breathing cycle

Question 19

The larynx

Answer 19

(voice box), air valve, located within the front of the neck composed of cartilages, muscles, and other tissue

Question 20

The primary function of the larynx is to

Answer 20

prevent foreign objects from entering the trachea and lungs, particularly during swallowing, additionally, the larynx can impound air for forceful expulsion of foreign objects that threaten to enter the larynx or trachea

Question 21

Hyoid bone

Answer 21

small, U-shaped bone, forms attachment for the root of the tongue, larynx is suspended from the hyoid via membrane

Question 22

Thyroid cartilage

Answer 22

structure is formed by two laminae (plates) of cartilage that are fused in the front at an angle with a small V-shaped notch (thyroid notch), vocal folds are attached to the inner surface of the thyroid, just below thee thyroid notch, superior horns, inferior horns

Question 23

Superior horns

Answer 23

2 long projections that extend upward and connect via ligament to hyoid bone

Question 24

Inferior horns

Answer 24

extend downward and articulate with sides of the cricoid cartilage

Question 25

Cricoid cartilage

Answer 25

complete ring of cartilage located inferior to the thyroid, just above the first ring of the trachea, narrow in the front and flares to a larger, squarish plate in the back

Question 26

Arytenoids

Answer 26

play a crucial role in phonation, small pyramidal-shaped structures, located on the superior surface of the cricoid cartilage, 2 projections extend from their base

Question 27

Epiglottis

Answer 27

(sub-below tongue), broad leaf-shaped cartilage, connected to the inner surface of the thyroid cartilage, just below the thyroid notch, near the base of the tongue, upright in resting position allowing air into larynx, during swallowing epiglottis folds downward over entrance to larynx

Question 28

Vocal folds

Answer 28

attached at the front near the mid-line of the thyroid cartilage and at the back to the vocal processes of the arytenoid cartilages, each fold is made of mostly muscular tissue and ligament, they abduct (move apart) during respiration and adduct (move together) during phonation; the space between the vocal folds is called the glottis

Question 29

Ventricular folds/false vocal folds

Answer 29

lie above the true vocal folds, move with the arytenoids but do not vibrate during phonation, during swallowing both the vocal folds and the ventricular folds adduct firmly to help seal off the entrance to the trachea to protect against foreign substances entering the larynx and pulmonary airways

Question 30

Muscles of the larynx

Answer 30

intrinsic muscles