1
Q
How is information within a neuron carried?
A
electrically
2
Q
How is information carried between neurons?
A
Chemically
3
Q
What is a nerve?
A
It is a collection of many axons
4
Q
How many axons does each cell have?
A
Every cell has 1 axon
5
Q
What componoent of the neurons houses the genetic blueprint?
A
The nucleus(chromosomes)
6
Q
What are perkinge cells?
A
A type of neuron that carries information from the cerebellum to the rest of the brain and spinal cord
7
Q
Where are bipolar cells?
A
In the eye
8
Q
What are interneurons?
A
Neurons that are inbetween other neurons
9
Q
what does stimulation from other neurons through their neurotransmitters cause?
A
Action potential
10
Q
sending neuron is called
A
pre-synaptic neuron
11
Q
The receiving neuron is called
A
post-synaptic neuron
12
Q
Suppose you are doing research on neuronal communication and you are measuring the change in voltage as the neurons send signals,(hodgekin and huxley) You think the voltmeter is broken because it is not showing a charge of zero when the charges are not active? What value should it display?
A
-70 Mv
13
Q
What is the -70 mvolts from?
A
The sodium(extracellular) and the potassium(intracellular)
14
Q
What is action potential
A
An electrical signal that is conductive along the length of a neurons axon to a synapse
14
Q
At rest there is a higher concentration of ___________ inside the cell, and a higher concentration of _________outside the cell
A
Potassium, sodium
15
Q
Where is the synapse?
A
At the end of the axon
16
Q
As soon as the action potential starts what does the potential change to?
A
40
17
Q
Neurons either do or do not fire(true or false)
A
True
18
Q
True or false: stimulation of the dendrites does not always trigger firing?
A
True
19
Q
What must happen for the neurons to fire?
A
activation must exceed a threshold
20
Q
True or False: The intensity of the stimulus makes the neuron fire more intensly?
A
False, after the neuron reaches the threshold it will fire no matter the intensity of the stimulus
21
Q
what is the correct order for the firing of the neuron?
A
- resting potential, 2. threshold, 3. action potential, 4. refractory period
22
Q
What happens when an action potential occur (Sodium)
A
Sodium gates open, causing the inside of the cell to become more positive
23
Q
What is the electrical charge inside of neuron relative to the outside? During resting potential
A
-70 millivolts
24
During the refractory period where does the chemical pump move the sodium?
It moves sodium out of the cell
25
what is saltatory conduction?
26
what are nodes of Ranvier?
They are long axons covered by the myelin sheath
27
During an action potential, what happens to the charge?
It seems to jump from node to node, rather than flow continuously down the axon
28
Why is saltatory conduction better than continuous movement along the axon?
It occurs faster
29
Are saltatory conduction for long conductions or short conductions?
They are primarily used for long conductions
30
What is the myelin sheath made of?
It is an insulated layer of fatty material composed of guleal cells.
31
What disease is caused by problems with the myelin sheath?
Multiple sclerosis
32
What does the myelin wrapped around the axon serves to do?
It serves to increase the efficiency of transmission.
33
what are the symptoms of demyelinating multiple sclerosis?
Loss of feeling in the limbs, partial blindness, difficulty in coordinated movement.
34
What are the seven process involved in synaptic transmission? Figure 3.6
1. Action potential travels down axon
2. The current stimulates the release of neurotransmitters from vesicles
3.The neurotransmitters are released into the synapse where they float to bind with receptors sites on a dendrite of a post synaptic neuron
4. The synapse is cleared by re-uptake into the sending neuron
5. Being broken down by enzymes in the synapse
6. Diffusion away from synapse
7. Neurotransmitters bind to autoreceptors, stopping the release of more neurotransmitter
35
where is the axon?
presynapse?
36
What are terminal buttons?
knob like structures that branch our from an axon
37
In a neuron, what happens when an action potential reaches the axon terminals of the neuron?
The action potential forces the release of chemical substances
38
what does the end of a neuron contain?
Many vesicles filled with neurotransmitters
39
what might neurotransmitters floating in the synapse bind to?
They may bind to receptors on the post synaptic neuron.
40
what is dopamine?
It's a neurotransmitter assosiated with movement, motivation, emotional pleasure, and arousal
41
What is acetyl coline?
It enables muscle action, regulates attention and acts in learning, it helps your heart beat and lungs function.
42
what disease is assosiated with acetyl coline?
Alzheimers disease, which involves severe impairment of memory, has to do with the deterioration of acetly coline neurons
43
What disease is assosiated with dopamine?
Parkinsons(not enough dopamine) and scheizofrenia(too much)
44
Which drug is used in treating seizures?
Gaba
45
What is dopamine?
dopamine is a neurotransmitter
46
What are the two major mood disorders we learned about?
Mania and major depression
47
Low levels of what has been implicated in parkinson's disease?
dopamine
48
What is (mood disorders) depression assosiated with?
Depression is assosiated with low levels of norepinephrine and serotonin
49
Low levels of both norepinephrine and serotonin have been implicated as contributory factors in mood disorders, specifically...
depression
50
High levels of norepinephrine and serotonin have been associated with:
Mania
51
What have high levels of dopamine been assosiated with?
schizophrenia
52
What have low levels of dopamine been assosiated with?
Parkinson's
53
Serotonin is a neurotransmitter the influences:
hunger, sleep, arousal, and aggressive behaviour
54
What is an example of an SSRI (selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitor) drug?
serotonin (This is incredibly addictive)
55
If a sharpshooter is examining a street with extreme vigilance, which neurotransmitter is active?
norepinephrine
56
A psychiatrist evaluates a patient experiencing constant depression and is suicidal, the psychiatrist diagnoses the patient with major depression and determines that the condition of the patient is cause by abnormally low levels of the neurotransmitter:
serotonin and norepinephrine
57
what are endorphins?
neuromodulators
58
Researchers studying opioids such as morphine were surprised that they fit exactly into the neuroreceptors. Why is this?
The brain produces it's own version of an opioid called endorphins
59
What are opioids?
Morphine like drugs that people take to minimize pain, that have side effects for short periods
60
How do drugs such as LSD produce their hallucinogenic effects?
By profoundly altering the activity of the serotonin system
61
agonist drugs enhance what
synaptic transmission
62
What do antagonist drugs do (enhance or inhibit)
inhibit synaptic transmission
63
An absent minded professor accidentally locked his filing cabinet and does not have a key. (key - neurotransmitter, key hole - receptor site), the professor used a paperclip to pick the lock, the paper click is functioning in a manner similar to the mimicking functions of a ____________. What is an example?
drug agonist. opioids mimick endorphins
64
L'dopa a treatment for parkinsons disease is __ ______ ___ ___ ________________ ________
an agonist for the neurotransmitter dopamine.
65
An _________ is a drug that mimicks a neurotransmitter.
agonist
66
A drug that blocks the reuptake of a neurotransmitter is an
agonist
67
A dug that stimulates neurtransmitter release is an _________
agonist
68
what does an antagonist drug do?
blocks the production of a neurotransmitter
69
An antagonist is a drug that ...
blocks the functioning of a neurotransmitter
70
A drug that blocks the release of a neurotransmitter is an
antagonist
71
A drug that causes depletion of neurotransmitter in vesicles is a
antagonist
72
what does Amphetamine do?
it is an agonist that stimulates the release of norepinephrine and dopamine, and blocks their re-uptake
73
What are the two parts of the nervous system? What are they each composed of?
Central - brain and spinal cord
peripheral - everything else in the nervous system
74
The peripheral nervous sytem is further divided into:
Autonamic - operates on its own, made up of sympathetic and parasympathetic
somatic- afferent(sensory) and efferent(motor)
75
Activation of the sympathetic nervous system is assosiated with what?
arousal, fight or flight
76
what is the parasympathetic nervous system assosiated with?
returning the body to normal
77
what is the Pain withdrawal reflux?
If you touch something hot/painful you will withdraw yourself from the situation
78
what are posterior and anterior
posterior is towards the back, dorsal, sensory, anterior is towards the front, ventral, motor
79
where are cervical nerves?
NECK!
80
How many regions is the spinal cord divided into?
4
81
Overactivation of the sympathetic nervous system during sex can lead to what is males and what in females?
premature ejaculation in males and lack of lubrication in females.
82
The parasympathetic system kicks in when?
WHen you are relaxed
83
In the male what parts of the nervous system are necessary for sex?
The parasympathetic nervous system leads to the penis being erect, while the sympathetic nervous system leads to ejaculation
84
What is the sympathetic nervous system do?
Fight or flight, the sympathetic system dilates pupils, stimulates secretion of epinephrine, relaxes the bladder, inhibits digestive activity
85
What stimulates the digestive system and the bladder?
Parasympathetic
86
Cory was struck in the back of the head with a baseball bat, after which she had trouble with balance and coordinated movements. What is the affected brain structure?
cerebellum
87
Heroin overdose shuts down the medulla. affecting the regulation of what?
respiration and heartbeart.
88
Andie is walking down the street when a car honks its horn. Andie swingss his head towards the sound of the horn. This is a result of the functioning of the:
Tectum (Mid brain)
89
The tegmentum is the mid brain structure involved in ________
Movement and arousal
90
What system are the hippocampus and amygdilla
limbic system
91
Temporal lobe is near
the tempels
92
Where is the parietal lobe?
behind the frontal lobe, it is in charge of touch
93
Where is the occipital lobe?
behind the head
94
Where is the frontal lobe?
At the front(helps people think and move)
95
What does the thalamus do?
IT relays and filters information from the sense and transmitts the information to the cerebral cortex.
96
What is the hypothalamus?
IT is part of the subchortical, fore brain that sits below the thalamus and regulates termperature, hunger, thirst, and sexual behaviour
97
Basil ganglia are a set of subchrotical structures that do what?
direct intentional movement
98
what is the Hippocampus
Has to do with memories. specifically spatial memories
99
Taxi drivers who repeatedly drive in certain areas have highly developed spatial maps. What part of the brain helps with this?
Hioppocampus
100
What do glands do?
Secrete hormones(that then travel through blood stream)
101
What is the pituitary gland controlled by?
The hypothalamus
102
What are neurons?
Cells in the nervous system that communicate with each other to preform information processing tasks.
103
What is the cell body?
The largest component of the neuron that coordinates the information processing tasks and keeps the cell alive
104
What do dendrites do?
They receive information from other neurons and relay it to the cell body
105
What is an axon do?
It carries information to other neurons, muscles, or glands(they can be very long)
106
What covers the axon in many neurons
Myelin sheath
107
What is the myelin sheath?
An insulating layer of fatty material, composed of glial cells
108
What are glial cells?
They are support cells found in the nervous system, they serve a variety of roles critical to the function of the nervous system. They do things such as digest parts of dead neurons, provide physical and nutritional support for neurons, and others form the myelin.
109
What is demyelinating disease?
They are diseases (ex. Ms) that cause the myelin sheath to deteriorate, thus slowing neuron communication
110
What is the synapse?
The junction or region between the axon of one neuron and the dendrites or the cell body of another
111
What are the three major types of neurons? And what do they do?
Sensory neurons - receive external information and convey it to the brain via the spinal cord
Motor neurons - carry signals from the spinal cord to the muscles, producing movement
Interneurons - connect sensory neurons, motor neurons and other interneurons
112
What are purkinje cells? What are they an example of?
They are a type of interneuron that carries information from the cerebellum to the rest of the brain and spinal cord,they have dense dendrites resembling bushes
113
What are pyramidal cells?
They are found in the cerebral cortex, and have a triangular cell body and a single, long dendrite among many smaller dendrites
114
What are bipolar cells?
They are a type of sensory neuron found in the retina of the eye, they have a single dendrite and a single axon
115
True or false neurons use both electrical and chemical signals to communicate
True
116
At resting potential is the inside of the cell generally negative or positive?
Negative
117
What is the definition of resting potential?
The difference in electric charge between the inside and outside of the neurons cell membrane
118
What is action potential?
An electric signal that is conducted along the length of a neurons axon to a synapse
119
When does action potential occur?
When a certain threshold is reached.
120
How long does it take for the charge to change from -70 to 40?
Less than a millisecond
121
What is one of the roles of the myelin sheath?
It protects the electric current from leaking out of the axon
122
What are nodes of ranvier?
Break points in the myelin sheath covering the axon, electrical current seems to jump between nodes(saltutory conduction)
123
What is saltutory conduction?
When charge jumps from node to node, this helps the speed of flow of information down the axon
124
What is the refractory period?
The time following an action potential during which new action potential can’t be initiated, during this time the chemical and electrical balance is restored
125
What are terminal buttons
Knoblike structures that branch out from an axon
126
True or false; a action potential is so fast it can happen 100 times in a single second
True
127
What are neurotransmitter?
They are what fill terminal buttons, they are chemicals that transmit information across the synapse to a receiving neurons dendrites
128
What are receptors?
Parts of the cell membrane that receive the neurotransmitter and either initiate or prevent a new electric signal
129
What is synaptic transmission
The sending and receiving of chemical neurotransmitters
130
What do neurotransmitters and receptor sites act like?
They act like a lock and key system, the molecular structure of the neurotransmitter must fit the molecular structure of the receptor site
131
How do neurotransmitters left in the synapse get removes after the chemical message is relayed?
Through reuptake, which is when neurotransmitters are absorbed by the terminal buttons of the presynaptic neurons axon or neighboring guleal cells, or, neurotransmitters can be destroyed by enzymes in the synapse(enzyme deactivation), third diffusion, neurons drift out of the synapse, and can no longer reach receptors
132
What do auto receptors do?
They detect how much of a neurotransmitter has been released into the synapse and may stop the release of more.
133
What is acetylcholine, what does it do?
It is a neurotransmitter that is important for voluntary motor control, it is found in the neurons of the brain, and in synapses connecting muscle to brain, it activates muscle movements, and it contributes to the regulation of attention, learning, sleeping, dreaming, and memory
134
What disease is associated with the impairment of acetylcholine producing neurons.
Alzheimers
135
What is dopamine?
Dopamine is a neurotransmitter that regulates motor behaviour, motivation, pleasure, and emotional arousal. Plays a high role in drug addiction,
136
What are high levels of dopamine associated with?
Schizophrenia
137
What are low levels of dopamine associated with?
Parkinson’s
138
What is glutamate?
It is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain, it enhances the transmission of information between neurons
139
What is GABA(gamma-aminobutyric acid)?
It is the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter, tends to prevent the firing of neurons in the brain
140
What happens if you have too much glutamate or too little GABA?
Neurons over activate, causing seizures
141
What is norepinephrine?
It is a neurotransmitter involved in states of vigilance or heightened awareness of dangers in the environment, it has an influence on mood and arousal
142
What is serotonin?
A neurotransmitter that is involved in the regulation of sleep and wakefulness, eating, and aggressive behaviour. It also influences mood and arousal
143
What happens if you have low levels of both norepinephrine and serotonin?
You will often have a mood disorder such as depression
144
What are endorphins?
They are a neurotransmitter that act within the pain pathways and emotion centers of the brain, short for endogenous morphine, it will dull the experience of pain and elevate moods, for example the runners high(pain causes pleasure)
145
What might affect the levels of neurotransmitters in the brain?
An imbalance of neurotransmitter, smoking, drinking, drugs,
146
What are agonists?
Drugs that increase the action of a neurotransmitter
147
What are antagonists?
Drugs that diminish the function of a neurotransmitter
148
What does the drug L dopa do?
It is a drug made from dopamine that treats Parkinson’s, it acts a a agonist since it increases production
149
What is amphetamine?
It is a drug that stimulates the release of norepinephrine and dopamine, and blocks their reuptake
150
What is cocaine
It is a drug that acts by blocking the reuptake of neurotransmitters. Making it an agonist
151
What are opioids?
A class of drug derived from the opium poppy, they mostly works as agonists for endorphins, creating powerful feelings of calm and euphoria, they also act as antagonists, decreasing the release of neurotransmitter involved in the perception of pain
152
What does naloxone do against opioids?
It acts as an atagonist, blocking agonist drugs
153
What is Prozac?
It is a drug commonly used to treat depression, it is an agonist. It blocks the reuptake of serotonin, thus making it an SSRI(selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor)
154
What is propanolol?
It is a drug from the class beta blockers. It is an antagonist, blocking receptor sites for norepinephrine, thus decreasing heart beat
155
What is the nervous system?
An interacting network of neurons that conveys electrochemical information throughout the body.
156
What are the two major divides of the nervous system?
Peripheral(everything else) and central(brain and spinal cord)
157
What does the CNS do?
It receives sensory information, processes and coordinates info, and sends commands to the skeletal and muscular systems
158
What is the peripheral nervous system divided into?
Autonomic(further divided into sympathetic and parasympathetic) and somatic
159
What does the PNS do?
It connects the central nervous system to the bodies organ and muscles
160
What does the somatic nervous system do?
Subset of peripheral, it is a set of nerves that conveys information between skeletal muscles and the CNS, we control this system(reaching for a mug)
161
What does the autonomic nervous system do?
Subset of peripheral nervous system, it carries involuntary commands that control blood vessels, body organs, and glands, outside of conscious control, divided into sympathetic and parasympathetic
162
What is the sympathetic nervous system
Subset of peripheral. And autonomic, set of nerves preparing the body for action in challenging or threatening situations. Ex. Dilates pupils, relaxes bronchi, accelerates heartbeat, inhibits digestive activity stimulates glucose etc.
163
What is the parasympathetic nervous system?
It helps the body return to normal state, reverses the effects of sympathetic nervous system.
164
What role does the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system play in sex?
Parasympathetic increases blood flow to penis causing erection, sympathetic causes ejaculation. Parasympathetic causes vaginal lubrication, sympathetic underlies orgasm. Sex is very dependant a delicate balance of the two systems.
165
Does the brain always tell the spinal cord what to do?
No! If an immediate reaction(touching a hot stove) is needed the spinal cord can act on its own
166
What are spinal reflexes?
Simple pathways in the nervous system that rapidly generate muscle contraction
167
What is reflex arc?
A neural pathway that controls reflex action, these can include motor neurons, sensory neurons, internueorns. Simple reflex arcs are made of only sensory and motor neurons
168
What are the four different types of vertebrates?
Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacral
169
Where in the brain are more simple functions accomplished?
At lower levels in the brain.
170
What three parts is the brain made up of?
Hindbrain, midbrain, and forebrain
171
What is the hindbrain?
The bottommost part of the brain, it coordinates info coming in and out of the spinal cord, it control respiration. Alertness, and motor skills. It is made up of the medulla, the reticular formation, the cerebellum and the pons
172
What is the medulla?
It is a extensions of the spinal cord into the skull, coordinating heart rate, circulation, and respiration
173
What is the reticular formation?
It is a small cluster of neurons just above the medulla. It regulates sleep, wakefulness, and levels of arousal. Maintains delicate balance between alertness and unconsciousness
174
What is the cerebellum?
It is behind the medulla, it is a large structure of the hindbrain that controls fine motor skills. This helps us play piano, ride a bike etc. also involved with cognitive, social, and emotional functions
175
What is the pons?
A structure that relays info from the cerebellum to the rest of the brain
176
What is the midbrain?
It sits on top of the hindbrain, and contains two main structure, the tectum and the tegmentum, this is the central location of neurotransmitters involved in arousal, mood and motivation
177
What is the tectum?
It orients in organism in its environment. Receives external stimulus and moves in coordinated ways towards that stimulus
178
What is the tegmentum
It is involved in movement and arousal. It also helps orient an organism towards sensory stimuli
179
What is the forebrain?
The forebrain controls complex cognitive, emotional, sensory, and motor functions, divided into the cerebral cortex and subcortical structures,
180
What is the cerebral cortex?
It is the outmost layer of the brain, divided into two hemispheres.
181
What is subcortical structures
Areas of the forebrain that are housed under the cerebral cortex, near the center of the brain. It contains the thalamus, and the limbic system(hypothalamus, hippocampus, and amygdala, the basal ganglia, the pituitary gland
182
What is the thalamus and hypothalamus?
They relay signals to and from other brain structures. The thalamus relays and filters information from the senses(except smell) and transmits the info to the cerebral cortex, it also filters sensory information, closes incoming pathways during sleep . The hypothalamus regulates body temperature, hunger, thirst, and sexual behaviour,
183
What is the limbic system?
The limbic system is made of the hypothalamus, the hippocampus and the amygdala which are involved in motivation, emotion, learning, and memory. This is where the cerebral cortex meets subcortical structures.
184
What is the hippocampus?
It is critical for creating new memories, and integrating them into a network of knowledge. Without it no long term memory. Leaves routines in tact
185
What is the amygdala?
Located at the tip of the horn of the hippocampus. Central role in emotional processes, specifically emotional memories. Attaches significance to neutral memories, associated with fear, punishment, and reward.
186
What are basal ganglia?
A set of structures that directs intentional movements, and plays a role in reward processing. Receive input from cerebral cortex, and send to motor centers of brainstem.
187
What is the striatum?
It is a part of the basal ganglia that has an important role in posture and movement. Parkinson’s damages this part of the brain, also plays a role in reward processing. Nucleus accumbens plays a role in social rewards.
188
What is the endocrine system?
A network of glands that produce and secrete hormones(chemical messages) into the bloodstream, influencing metabolism, growth, and sexual development. Works closely with nervous system. Main parts include. Thyroid(regulates bodily functions), adrenals(regulate stress response) pancreas(controls digestion) pineal(secretes melatonin) all orchestrated by pituitary gland
189
What is the pituitary gland?
The master gland of the body’s hormone production, which releases hormones that direct the functions of many other glands in the body
190
Great job :)
191
What is the pathway of the endocrine system?
Hypothalamus send signals to pituitary glands, sends hormone signals to other glands controlling stress, digestive activities, and reproductive processes.
192
What is the link between estrogen, testosterone and sexual desire?
There is no link between testosterone and sexual desire, however, increase estrogen causes increased sexual desire.
193
What is the cerebral cortex?
It is the highest level of the brain, responsible for complex perception, emotion, movement, and thought.
194
What are gyri?
Smooth surfaces of the cortex.
195
What are sulci?
The indentations in the cortex
196
What are the four main regions of the cortex and where do they sit?
The frontal lobe(at the front), the parietal lobe(behind the frontal, sort of at the top of the head). The temporal(by your Rempels, below the frontal and parietal), the occipital(at the back)
197
What does each hemisphere of the brain control? What is contralateral control?
The left hemisphere controls the right side of the body. The right hemisphere controls the left side of the body, contralateral control means that the hemispheres in the brain control the opposite side of the body
198
How are the cerebral hemispheres connected?
By commissures, bundles of axons
199
What is the corpus callosum?
It connects large areas of the cerebral cortex on each side of the brain and supports communication in the hemispheres,
200
What is the occipital lobe?
It processes visual information. Information from eyes is sent to the thalamus, which sends it occipital lobe.
201
What is the parietal lobe?
It processes touch information, contains somatosensory cortex(strip of tissue running down the brain) the somatosensory cortex represents skin areas, having a sensitive area means a larger area in the brain responsible for it. (Developed by wilder pen field)
202
What is the motor cortex?
A strip of brain tissue parallel to the somatosensory cortex, it initiates voluntary movements, sends messages to basal ganglia, cerebellum, and spinal cord.
203
What is the temporal lobe?
It is responsible for hearing and language. The primary auditory cortex is analogous to the somatosensory cortex. It a,so interprets the meaning of visual stimuli and helps to recognize common objects in the environment.
204
What is the frontal lobe?
Has specialized areas for movement, abstract thinking, planning, memory and judgement. Helps manipulate information, and retrieve memories.
205
What are associated areas?
They are composed of neurons that help provide sense and meaning to information registered in the cortex
206
What are mirror neurons?
They are active when an animal performs a behaviour, such as reaching for an object and are also activated when another animal observes another animal preforming the same task. Found in frontal and parietal lobe
207
What is plasticity?
The idea that sensory cortexes can adapt. If your finger is cut off, the somatosensory area will be unresponsive, then it becomes responsive to ajoining fingers.
208
What are some of the benefits of excersise?
It can increase the number of synapses and promote the development of new neurons.
209
If someone gets hit in the head and they are now having troubles with vision, although there is no damage to the eyes, which part of the brain is likely affected?
Occipital lobe
210
homunculus is a representation of the body in the brain, which two lobes
Parietal lobe, called the parietal homunculus, and the motor lobe, called the motor humunculust
211
The homunculus or little man is a representation of x
212
Where in the somatosensory does information about your feet come from?
The top! the homunculus is upside down
213
how are the motor homunculus oriented?
They are upside down and the more sensitive the body part the more cortical tissue there is
214
A medical artist is drawing a representation of the relationship between the somatosensory cortex and the body. What should the drawing of the body look like?
The face hands and fingers should be disproportionately large because there is much more cortical tissue devoted to these areas of the body than their size.
215
The temporal lobe of the cerebral cortex does what?
processes language and contains visual association areas that interpret the meaning of visual stimuli.
216
What lobe is the motor cortex assosiated with?
Frontal lobe
217
What is infront of the motor cortex?
In front of the motor cortex is the frontal lobe. All of the senses have connections to the frontal lobe, it is also involved in complex thought, it gives us concsiousness and humanity
218
The functions of the frontal of the cerebral cortex truly set _________ apart from __________.
humans, animals
219
There are assosiation areas in every lobe, what do they do?
they help integrate information processed in various areas of the cortex to produce a meaningful understanding of ourselves and the world
220
When Michel was a toddler he lost his ring finger he lost his ring finger on his left hand in an accident. What effect will this have on him as an adult
Now as an adult the somatosensory area originally assosiated with that finger responds to stimulation from his left middle and pinky fingers. (Brain plasticity)
221
Alec lost his right hand in an industrial accident. Many years later he still feels the sensation of having a right hand when his right cheek and right upper arm are simultaneously stimulated. How come?
The representation of hands and face are very close to each other, the cortical tissue devoted to the cheek and upper right arm has taken the place of the right hand that is missing (phantom limb)
222
Wernickes area is involved in language ____________, as opposed to broca's area which is in charge of language _________
comprehension, Production
223
After a stroke a patient appears to be unable to respond to words spoken to her, she can speak but can't follow verbal instructions, a likely explanation for this system is?
Damage to Wernickes area
224
What is a stroke?
A cerebral vascular accident, when the blood flow to a brain area is restricted
225
If you suspect that someone is having a stroke you think of the term FAST, what do these letters stand for?
Face
Arms
Speech
Time
226
Some people have epilepsy and they think that if they can prevent the two hemispheres from communicating, it will stop the seizures from traveling into the other side of the brain, How would you accomplish this?
Cut the corpus Collosum.
227
The right side of each eye is the right visual field
Just a fact...No question here :)
228
A split brain patient is shown the word lock box, with lock in the left visual field and box in the right visual field. Only the left hemisphere deals with language. Only linguistic information coming from the right visual field can be understood. What will they think the box says? What will she draw using only her left hand
lock
229
what is an EEG (electro-encephalo graph)? (function)
A non-invasive way of imaging the brain. This is done by attaching electrodes to the scalp, thus making it possible to look at brain waves, specifically assosiated with different stages of sleep.
230
The patterns of electrical activity in the brain during sleep and waking are identified through what?
the use of electro-encephalo graphs
231
MRI(magnetic resonance imaging)(structure) and FMRI(functional magnetic resonance imaging)(function)
FMRI tracks oxygenated hemoglobin in the brain, it is affected by magnets.
232
PET (positron emission tomography)(function)
The brain needs oxygen and glucose, nothing else. PET scans measure the brains oxygen usage.
233
What is a PET scan?
is a functional neuro imaging technique in which a harmless radioactive substance is injected into the bloodstream and the absorbed by brain regions as the require blood flow.
234
what is transcranial magnetic stimulation?
It is used to simulate brain damage. this is mostly done on animals because it's unethical to do this to humans.
235
researchers are beginning to use transcranial magnetic stimulation to simulate brain damage. What does this do?
It will help to correlate areas of the brain different to certain activities
236
What is the last thing tried for depression?
electroconvulsive shock
Psyc 111
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