Most begin at which age range? What percentage?
- 56% of onsets occur between 24-36 months (more than 1/2 between 2-3 years)
- 84% of onsets occur between 18-42 months (most are between 1.5 years and 3.5 years)
age at onset of stuttering
Range: 16-60 months Mean: 33.40 months Boys: 33.60 Girls: 32.95 (very close for onset for boys and girls)
Manner of Onset
Early-> gradual onset later clinicians (1970s-1980s) -> possibility of sudden onset as well
stuttering reported as ________ iterations of syllables, words, phrases
2-4
mean # of iterations for CWS is..?
mean # of iterations for NFC is..?
slightly less than 2.
slightly less than 1.
secondary characteristics of stuttering
- facial contortions
- eye closing
- head tilting
- respiratory irregularities
- others
what percent of children have secondary characteristic(s)?
53%
what stress factors were reported at onset?
- emotional stress - 40%
- behavioral stress - 36%
- rapid language development - 40%
- word finding difficulties - 43%
children who persist in stuttering are at risk for ______
SSD
Stuttering and language disorders
- There really isn’t a connection between the two
- may be lower than NFC but still within the normal range
Bloodstein’s developmental sequence
Phase 1:
Phase 2:
Phase 3:
Van Riper’s Developmental tracks
Track I:
Track II:
Track III:
Track IV:
Why should parental role and/or vulnerabilities in in the speech fluency system due to developmental processes be considered when looking at fluency?
Because it typically begins in early years of life, when
- children are under the heavy influence of their immediate environment.
- anatomical structures for speech are growing quickly.
- speech and language skills are expanding sharply.
What are two manners of onset?
- sudden onset
- gradual onset
What may sudden onset of stuttering indicate?
possible involvement of organic or psychogenic agents
what may a gradual onset of stuttering indicate?
possible learning explanations, because habit-forming processes take time.
Why are scientific studies of stuttering difficult?
- there are no warning signs that onset is about to occur.
- investigators cannot predict the right place and time to objectively document the very earliest stuttering or secure data even shortly thereafter.
Retrospective reports by caregivers of past observations.
- Problems with this type of study?
- missed cases because only children who have stuttered for a set minimum period of time are identified and recruited for the study.
- often data are obtained from parents long after the unset of stuttering.
available research and clinical evidence indicates that most stuttering occurs at which age?
Recent studies indicate onset by which age?
prior to 5 years of age.
Recent: prior to 3 years of age.
does gender influence the age of onset for stuttering?
no
historically, people believed that stuttering began how?
** traditional view **
- gradually
- with easy repetitions
- no tension
- child unaware of stuttering
- starts with easy disfluency gradually and turns into full-fledged stuttering.
why was the “traditional” view of how stuttering begins questioned?
- in the early 1970’s and 80’s there were studies showing sudden onset of stuttering.
- Van Riper in 1971
- Preus in 1981
current studies show that _________ onset is the least common.
Gradual
Resent studies/research has shown what about the severity of early stuttering?
- that early stuttering was often:
1. moderate to severe
2. associated with some degree of force, even severe tension
