1
Q
Who concluded that animal tissues are made from cells?
A
Schwann
2
Q
Who established that cells arise only from other cells?
A
Pasteur
3
Q
Modern Cell Theory (5)
A
- organisms composed of cells
- cell is the simplest structural & functional unit of life
- cells come from preexisting cells
- organisms structure & function are due to activities of cells
- cells exhibit biochemical similarities
4
Q
cell growth increases _____more than ____
A
volume; surface area
5
Q
plasma membrane (3)
A
- surrounds the cell
- made of proteins & lipids
- controls passage of material in & out of the cell
6
Q
purpose of cholesterol in the membrane?
A
stiffens the membrane & holds phospholipids
7
Q
purpose of glycolipids in the membrane?
A
contributes to glyocalyx (carbs coating on the cell surface)
8
Q
transmembrane proteins (3)
A
- pass through membrane
- have hydrophobic & hydrophilic regions
- most are glycoproteins
9
Q
peripheral proteins (2)
A
- adhere to one face of the membrane
- tethered to cytoskeleton
10
Q
Functions of membrane proteins (7)
A
- receptors
- carriers
- second-messenger
- enzymes
- ion channels
- cell identity marker
- cell adhesion molecules
11
Q
Second messenger system (2 steps)
A
- chemical binds to surface receptor
2. Triggers changes within the cell that produce a second messenger in the cytoplasm
12
Q
kinase
A
adds phosphate groups to enzymes which can either activate or inactivate an enzyme
13
Q
G protein
A
intracellular peripheral protein
14
Q
cAMP vs ATP
A
cAMP: 1 phosphate group
ATP: 3 phosphate groups
15
Q
What do transmembrane proteins with pores allow to pass though?
A
water and dissolved ions
16
Q
what are the 3 types of gated channels?
A
- ligand
- voltage
- mechanically
17
Q
pumps consume _____ in the process
A
ATP
18
Q
what contributes to the glycocalyx that acts like an identification marker?
are they unique in everyone?
A
glycoproteins
yes; except twins
19
Q
CAMs
A
- cell adhesion molecules
- adhere cells to other cells and extracelluar material
20
Q
What does a cell need to grow & survive?
A
it needs to be mechanically linked to the extracellular material
21
Q
microvilli (3)
A
- extensions of membrane
- serves to increase cells surface area
- specialized in absorption
22
Q
what shorten microvilli?
A
actin filaments which are centered in each microvilli
23
Q
cilia
A
hairlike processes that move mucus around
24
Q
axoneme (2)
A
- core of cilia that is the basis of movement
- has 9+2 structure of microtubules
25
cystic fibrosis
hereditary disease in which cells make chloride pumps, but fail to install them in the plasma membrane
26
saline layer for cilia
chloride pumps pump Cl- into ECF
27
flagella (2)
- whiplike structure with axoneme identical to cilium
| - longer than cilium
28
pseudopods
continually changing extensions of the cell that vary in shape & size
29
passive transport does/doesn't require ATP, while active transport does/doesn't require ATP
does not; does
30
examples of passive transport (3)
filtration
diffusion
osmosis
31
filtration
particles are driven through a selectively permeable membrane by hydrostatic pressure
32
simple diffusion
the net movement of particles from area of high concentration to low concentration
33
factors affecting diffusion (5)
- temperature
- molecular weight
- steepness of concentration gradient
- membrane surface area
- membrane permeability
34
What can diffuse through lipid bilayer? (3)
- nonpolar
- hydrophobic
- lipid-soluble substances
35
What can diffuse through channel proteins? (3)
- water
- charged
- hydrophilic solutes
36
how can you increase the rate of osmosis?
aquaporins
37
osmolarity
of osmoles (particles) of solute per liter of solution
38
tonicity; what does it depend on?
- ability of a solution to affect fluid volume & pressure in a cell
- concentration & permeability of solute
39
2 types of carrier mediated transport
- facilitated diffusion
| - active transport
40
transport proteins are ___ for certain ligands
specific
41
facilitated diffusion (2)
- carrier mediated transport of solute through a membrane down its concentration gradient
- does not require ATP
42
primary active transport (2)
- carrier moves solute through a membrane up its concentration gradient
- requires ATP
43
what type of transport is Na-K pump?mechanism?
- primary active transport
| - uses 1 ATP and pumps 3 Na(out) for 2 K(in)
44
carries only one solute at a time
uniport
45
carries two or more solutes (different) in the same direction
symporter (cotransport)
46
carries two or more solutes in opposite directiones
antiporter (countertransport)
47
carrier mediated transport
transport proteins in the plasma membrane that carry specific solutes from one side of the membrane to the other
48
carrier mediated transport:as the solute concentration ____, the rate of transport _____, but only to a point
rise; rise
49
purpose of Na-K pump?
to maintain negatively charged resting membrane potential
50
secondary active transport
carrier moves solute through membrane but only uses ATP indirectly
51
vesicular transport
moves large particles, liquids, or numerous molecules at once through the membrane in vesicles
52
endocytosis
bring material into the cell
53
phagocytosis
engulfing large particles
54
pinocytosis
taking in droplets of ECF containing molecules useful in the cell
55
exocytosis
discharging material from the cell
56
cytoskeleton
collection of filaments and cylinders that determine shape of cells and lead structural support
57
what is the cytoskeleton composed of?
microtubules
intermediate fibers
microfilaments
58
what organelle is the largest?
nucleus
59
what are the organelles in the cell? (6)
```
nucleus
ER
golgi complex
mitochondria
lysosomes
peroxisomes
```
60
rough ER (4)
- produce phospholipids & proteins of the plasma membrane
- first section continuous with nuclear membrane
- has ribosomes
- flatten cisternae
61
smooth ER (4)
- lacks ribosomes
- tubular cisternae
- synthesize steroids & other lipids
- detoxifies alcohols & drugs
62
small granules & RNA
ribosomes
63
golgi complex (2)
- synthesize carbs
| - put finishing touches on protein synthesis (packaging)
64
where can the vesicles from the golgi end up?
- lysosomes
- fuse with plasma membrane
- become secretory vesicles for later release
65
lysosomes derive from? function?
- produced my golgi
| - intracellular digestion of macromolecules
66
peroxisomes (2)
- resemble lysosomes, but are not produced by golgi
| - produce hydrogen peroxide
67
hollow cylindrical organelles that dispose of surplus proteins
proteosomes
68
mitochondria
specialized for synthesizing ATP
69
where is it thought that the mitochondria originated from?
bacteria
70
centrioles (3)
- short assembly of microtubules arranged in 9 groups of 3 microtubles
- important in cell division
- make up the centrosomes (2x)
71
two types of inclusions
- stored cellular products
| - foreign bodies
72
are inclusions essential for cell survival?
NO
Human Anatomy & Physiology 1
flashcards
Decks in class (16)
# Cards
-
Chapter 159
-
Chapter 2100
-
Atlas72
-
Chapter 372
-
Chapter 450
-
Chapter 547
-
Chapter 6:The Integumentary System100
-
Chapter 7: Bone Tissue105
-
Chapter 9: Joints25
-
Chapter 11: Muscular System123
-
Chapter 12: Nervous Tissue (Part 1)100
-
Chapter 12: Nervous Tissue (Part 2)61
-
Chapter 13: Spinal Cord, Nerves, & Somatic Reflexes68
-
Chapter 16: Sense Organs94
-
Chapter 15: Visceral Reflexes45
-
Chapter 14: Brain & Cranial Nerves91
